Psychology Twelfth Edition Carole Wade Dominican University of California Carol Tavris Alan Swinkels, Contributor St. Edward’s University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York City San Francisco Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 1 12/11/15 10:24 pm VP, Product Development: Dickson Musslewhite Marketing Assistant, Product Marketing: Frank Alarcon Executive Editor: Erin Mitchell Operations Manager: Mary Fischer Editorial Assistant: Danique Robinson Senior Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Director, Content Strategy and Development: Brita Nordin Associate Director of Design: Blair Brown Development Editor: Shannon LeMay-Finn Interior Design: Kathryn Foot VP Marketing: Maggie Moylan Cover Art Director: Maria Lange Director, Project Management Services: Lisa Iarkowski Cover Design: Lumina Datamatics Project Team Lead: Denise Forlow Cover Art: Comstock Images/Stockbyte/Getty Images 98276187 Project Manager: Sherry Lewis Digital Studio Product Manager: Caroline Fenton Program Team Lead: Amber Mackey Digital Studio Project Manager: Pamela Weldin Program Manager: Reena Dalal Digital Studio Team Lead: Peggy Bliss Director of Field Marketing: Jonathan Cottrell Full-Service Project Management Senior Product Marketing Manager: Lindsey Prudhomme Gill and Composition: SPi Global, Patty Donovan Executive Field Marketing Manager: Kate Stewart Printer/Binder: RR Donnelley/Kendallville Marketing Assistant, Field Marketing: Amy Pfund Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Acknowledgements of third party content appear on page 689, which constitutes an e xtension of this copyright page. 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Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wade, Carole (Professor of psychology), author. | Tavris, Carol, author. | Swinkels, Alan, author. Title: Psychology / Carole Wade, Carol Tavris, Alan Swinkels. Description: Twelfth edition. | Upper Saddle River, NJ : Pearson Education, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2015041762| ISBN 9780134240831 | ISBN 0134240839 Subjects: LCSH: Psychology. Classification: LCC BF121 .W27 2017 | DDC 150--dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041762 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student Edition ISBN-10: 0-13-424083-9 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-424083-1 Books a la Carte ISBN-10: 0-13-437779-6 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-437779-7 A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 2 12/11/15 10:24 pm To Howard, whose support has made it all possible. Carole Wade For Ronan, in loving memory. Carol Tavris A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 3 12/11/15 10:24 pm A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 4 12/11/15 10:24 pm Brief Contents 1 What Is Psychology? 1 9 Thinking and Intelligence 301 2 How Psychologists Do Research 34 10 Memory 339 3 Genes, Evolution, and Environment 71 11 Emotion, Stress, and Health 379 4 The Brain and Nervous System 101 12 Motivation 418 5 Body Rhythms and Mental States 141 13 Development over the Lifespan 457 6 Sensation and Perception 177 14 Theories of Personality 499 7 Learning and Conditioning 221 15 Psychological Disorders 537 8 Behavior in Social and Cultural Context 259 16 Approaches to Treatment and Therapy 581 v A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 5 12/11/15 10:24 pm A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 6 12/11/15 10:24 pm Contents From the Authors xiii Experiments: Hunting For Causes 51 From the Publisher xvii Experimental Variables 51 About the Authors xix Experimental and Control Conditions 53 Experimenter Effects 54 Authors’ Acknowledgments xxi CULTURE and Research 55 1 What Is Psychology? 1 Evaluating the Findings 56 Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion 2 Descriptive Statistics: Finding Out What’s So 56 What Psychology Is 3 Inferential Statistics: Asking “So What?” 57 What Psychology Is Not 4 Interpreting the Findings 58 Thinking Critically and Creatively About Psychology 6 Keeping the Enterprise Ethical 62 What Is Critical Thinking? 6 The Ethics of Studying Human Beings 62 Guidelines for Critical Thinking 7 The Ethics of Studying Animals 63 Thinking Critically and Creatively Taking Psychology with You: Lying with Statistics 65 About Psychological Issues 11 Shared Writing Prompt 66 Psychology’s Past: From the Armchair to the Laboratory 14 3 Genes, Evolution, and Environment 71 The Forerunners of Modern Psychology 14 The Birth of Modern Psychology 15 Unlocking the Secrets of Genes 73 Three Early Psychologies 16 The Human Genome 73 Psychology’s Present: The Four Perspectives of Psychological Epigenetics 75 Science 18 The Genetics of Similarity 77 The Major Perspectives in Psychology 18 Evolution and Natural Selection 77 Feminist Psychology 20 Innate Human Characteristics 80 What Psychologists Do 22 Our Human Heritage: Courtship and Mating 82 Psychological Research 22 Evolution and Sexual Strategies 82 Psychological Practice 23 The “Genetic Leash” 83 Psychology in the Community 25 The Genetics of Difference 86 BIOLOGY, CULTURE, and Psychology 26 The Meaning of Heritability 86 Taking Psychology with You: The Nine Secrets of Learning 27 Computing Heritability 88 Shared Writing Prompt 29 Our Human Diversity: The Case of Intelligence 90 Genes and Individual Differences 90 2 How Psychologists Do Research 34 BIOLOGY and Intellect 91 The Question of Group Differences 91 What Makes Psychological Research Scientific? 36 The Environment and Intelligence 93 Precision and Reliance on Empirical Evidence 36 Beyond Nature versus Nurture 94 Skepticism 37 Taking Psychology with You: Should You Have Willingness to Make “Risky Predictions” 38 Genetic Testing? 96 Openness 38 Shared Writing Prompt 97 Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts 40 Research Participants 40 4 The Brain and Nervous System 101 Case Studies 42 Observational Studies 43 The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint 103 Tests 44 The Central Nervous System 104 Surveys 46 The Peripheral Nervous System 104 Correlational Studies: Looking For Relationships 48 Communication in the Nervous System 107 Measuring Correlations 48 Types of Cells 107 Cautions about Correlations 49 The Structure of the Neuron 107 vii A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 7 12/11/15 10:24 pm viii Contents Neurogenesis: The Birth of Neurons 108 Sensory Adaptation 184 How Neurons Communicate 110 Sensing without Perceiving 185 Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System 111 Vision 186 Mapping the Brain 115 What We See 186 Intervening in the Brain and Observing Behavior 116 An Eye on the World 187 Intervening in Behavior and Observing the Brain 116 Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera 189 A Tour Through the Brain 119 How We See Colors 191 The Brain Stem and Cerebellum 120 Constructing the Visual World 191 The Thalamus 121 Monocular Cues to Depth 195 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 121 Hearing 199 The Amygdala 121 What We Hear 199 The Hippocampus 122 An Ear on the World 200 The Cerebrum 122 Constructing the Auditory World 202 The Cerebral Cortex 122 Other Senses 203 The Two Hemispheres of the Brain 126 Taste: Savory Sensations 203 Split Brains: A House Divided 126 Smell: The Sense of Scents 205 The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opposites? 129 Senses of the Skin 207 The Flexible Brain 130 The Mystery of Pain 207 Experience and the Brain 130 The Environment Within 209 CULTURE and the Brain 132 BIOLOGY and the Power of Placebos 210 Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains? 132 Perceptual Powers 211 Taking Psychology with You: Cosmetic Neurology: Inborn Abilities and Critical Periods 211 Tinkering with the Brain 136 Psychological and Cultural Influences 213 Shared Writing Prompt 137 Perception Without Awareness 214 CULTURE and Perception 214 5 Body Rhythms and Mental States 141 Taking Psychology with You: Extrasensory Perception: Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience 143 Reality or Illusion? 216 Circadian Rhythms 143 Shared Writing Prompt 217 Moods and Long-Term Rhythms 145 CULTURE and PMS 147 7 Learning and Conditioning 221 The Rhythms of Sleep 149 The Realms of Sleep 149 Classical Conditioning 223 Why We Sleep 151 New Reflexes from Old 223 Principles of Classical Conditioning 225 Exploring the Dream World 156 What Is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning? 227 Explanations of Dreaming 156 Evaluating Dream Theories 159 Classical Conditioning in Real Life 228 Learning to Like 228 The Riddle of Hypnosis 160 Learning to Fear 229 The Nature of Hypnosis 161 Accounting for Taste 231 Theories of Hypnosis 163 Reacting to Medical Treatments 232 BIOLOGY and Hypnosis 165 Operant Conditioning 234 Consciousness-Altering Drugs 166 The Birth of Radical Behaviorism 234 Classifying Drugs 167 The Consequences of Behavior 235 The Physiology of Drug Effects 170 Principles of Operant Conditioning 239 The Psychology of Drug Effects 171 The Importance of Responses 239 Taking Psychology with You: The Drug Debate 173 Skinner: The Man and the Myth 242 Shared Writing Prompt 173 Operant Conditioning in Real Life 244 The Pros and Cons of Punishment 244 6 Sensation and Perception 177 The Problems with Reward 247 Our Sensational Senses 179 Learning and the Mind 250 The Riddle of Separate Sensations 180 Latent Learning 250 Measuring the Senses 181 Social-Cognitive Learning Theories 251 A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 8 12/11/15 10:24 pm Contents ix Taking Psychology with You: Does Media Violence CULTURE and Intelligence Testing 320 Make You Violent? 254 Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach 322 Shared Writing Prompt 255 Elements of Intelligence 322 Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success 326 8 Behavior in Social and Cultural Context 259 Animal Minds 328 Animal Intelligence 328 Social Forces 261 Animals and Language 330 Roles and Rules 261 The Obedience Study 262 Thinking about the Thinking of Animals 331 The Prison Study 265 Taking Psychology with You: Becoming More Creative 333 Why People Obey 266 Shared Writing Prompt 334 Social Influences on Beliefs and Behavior 268 Attributions 268 10 Memory 339 Attitudes 270 Reconstructing the Past 341 BIOLOGY and Beliefs 273 The Manufacture of Memory 342 Persuasion or “Brainwashing”?: The Conditions of Confabulation 344 The Case of Suicide Bombers 274 The Eyewitness on Trial 345 Individuals in Groups 276 Children’s Testimony 347 Conformity 277 In Pursuit of Memory 349 Groupthink 278 Measuring Memory 349 The Wisdom and Madness of Crowds 279 Models of Memory 350 Altruism and Dissent 281 The Three-Box Model of Memory 352 Us Versus Them: Group Identity 283 The Sensory Register: Fleeting Impressions 353 Ethnic Identity 283 Short-Term Memory: Memory’s Notepad 353 Ethnocentrism 284 Long-Term Memory: Memory’s Storage System 355 Stereotypes 285 The Biology of Memory 359 Group Conflict and Prejudice 287 Changes in Neurons and Synapses 359 The Origins of Prejudice 288 Where Memories Are Made 360 Defining and Measuring Prejudice 289 Hormones, Emotion, and Memory 362 The Many Targets of Prejudice 290 How We Remember 364 Reducing Conflict and Prejudice 293 Encoding, Rehearsal, and Retrieval 364 The Question of Human Nature 294 Why We Forget 367 Taking Psychology with You: Dealing with Cultural Differences 296 Mechanisms of Forgetting 367 The Repression Controversy 370 Shared Writing Prompt 296 Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years 372 9 Thinking and Intelligence 301 Taking Psychology with You: Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives 374 Thought: Using What We Know 302 Shared Writing Prompt 374 The Elements of Cognition 303 How Conscious Is Thought? 305 11 Emotion, Stress, and Health 379 Problem Solving and Decision Making 306 The Nature of Emotion 381 Reasoning Rationally 308 Emotion and the Face 381 Barriers to Reasoning Rationally 310 Emotion and the Brain 384 Exaggerating the Improbable (and Minimizing the Probable) 310 BIOLOGY and Lie Detection 387 Avoiding Loss 311 Emotion and the Mind 388 Biases and Mental Sets 311 Emotion and Culture 390 BIOLOGY and Economic Choice 312 How Culture Shapes Emotions 391 The Need for Cognitive Consistency 313 Communicating Emotions 391 Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases 315 Gender and Emotion 392 Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach 317 The Nature of Stress 395 Measuring the Invisible 317 Stress and the Body 395 The Invention of IQ Tests 318 Stress and the Mind 400 A01_WADE7797_12_SE_FM.indd 9 12/11/15 10:24 pm