A UNIQUE FOCUS ON VISUAL LEARNING Throughout this edition, new figures bring abstract concepts to life for students. The third edition supports visual learners with clear, attractive graphics that stimulate students’ thinking skills and drive home their understanding of key concepts. FIGURE 6.24 Scientific Method: Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies Hypothesis: Children can acquire behaviours through observation. Research Method: 1 Two groups of preschool children were shown a film of an adult playing with a large inflatable doll called Bobo. 2 One group saw the adult play quietly with the doll (activity not shown below). 3 The other group saw the adult attack the doll (activity shown in top row below). FIGURE 5.28 Try for Yourself: Simultaneous Contrast Look at the colours of the central squares in each pair. Do they look the same or different? Result: When children were allowed to play with the doll later, those who had seen the aggressive display were more than twice as likely to act aggressively toward the doll. Conclusion: Exposing children to violence may encourage them to act aggressively. Scientific Method illustrations care- fully and consistently lead students through the steps of some of the most interesting experiments and studies. Try for Yourself fi gures allow students to be their own research subjects and to experience the methods of psychological science. Result: The central squares in each pair are identical, but they look different because of the different background colours. For example, most people see the grey square that is surrounded with red as lighter than the grey square surrounded with green. If you doubt that the central squares are identical, cover the surrounding portions of each square. How We . . . figures take students step by step through complex processes such as how we hear and how we see. FIGURE 5.14 How We Hear 1 Stimuli 2 Receptor 5 Pathway to the brain 6 Resulting perception Variations in air pressure These sound waves move These signals travel along the As a result, you hear produce sound waves that through the outer ear and make auditory nerve to the brain’s the sound. arrive at the ear. the eardrum vibrate, and then… primary auditory cortex. Primary auditory cortex Thalamus Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Semicircular Oval window canals Hammer Ossicles Anvil Auditory nerve SSSSSSSoooooooooouuuunnnddddddddd Stirrup (to brain) Cochlea Auditory canal Eardrum (tympanic 3 …move through the membrane) 4 …creating pressure waves in middle ear, causing the inner ear’s fluid that bend the ossicles to vibrate. hair cells and cause neurons The ossicles’ vibration on the basilar membrane to fire causes the oval window Outer duct neural signals. to vibrate… Inner duct Sound vibrations from oval window Basilar Hair cells membrane Basilar To oval window membrane Sound causes basilar membrane Outer duct Cochlea, partially to wave up and uncoiled down Pressure wave This page intentionally left blank Psychological Science Third Canadian Edition W.W.Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923,when William Warder Norton and Mary D.Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute,the adult education division of NewY ork City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute,publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad.By mid-century,the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s,the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees,and today— with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade,college,and professional titles published each year—W.W.Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Editor:Sheri L.Snavely Associate Editor:Sarah England Developmental Editor:Kurt Wildermuth Manuscript Editor:Dimitra Chronopolous Art Development:Sarah England Project Editor:Christine D’Antonio Editorial Assistant:Mary Dudley Production Manager:Chris Granville Book Designer:Lissi Sigillo Art Director:Rubina Yeh Photo Researchers:Trish Marx and Robyn Craig Marketing Manager:Amber Chow Emedia Editor:Pete Lesser Associate Editor,Emedia:Matthew A.Freeman Managing Editor,College:Marian Johnson Illustrators:Dragonfly Media Group,TexTech,and Penumbra Design Compositor:TexTech Manufacturer:Courier Copyright © 2012,2010,2007,2006,2003 by W.W.Norton & Company,Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Psychological science / Michael S.Gazzaniga ...[et al.].— 3rd Canadian ed. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-91152-7 (hardcover) ISBN 978-0-393-11895-7 (pdf ebook) 1. Psychology—Textbooks. I. Gazzaniga,Michael S. II. Title. BF121.G393 2010 150—dc22 2010047255 W.W.Norton & Company,Inc.,500 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10110 www.wwnorton.com W.W.Norton & Company Ltd.,Castle House,75/76 Wells Street,London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Psychological Science Third Canadian Edition Michael S. Gazzaniga University of California, Santa Barbara Todd F. Heatherton Dartmouth College Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College Steven J. Heine University of British Columbia W. W. NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK ■ LONDON This page intentionally left blank We dedicate this book to Lilly, Emmy, Garth, and Dante Tretheway Sarah Heatherton and James Heatherton Sheldon, Evan, Karen,Amanda, and Jason Halpern and Jaye, Danny, and Belle Halpern-Duncan Nariko Takayanagi, Seiji Heine, and Kokoro Heine This page intentionally left blank