Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations K. Daniel O'Leary, PhD, is Distinguished Professor of Psychology and past Chairman of the Psychology Department of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He is a clinical psychologist who received his doctoral degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana, Illinois in 1967. Dr. O'Leary was among the top 100 psychologists in the English-speaking world, as cited by the American Psychologist in December 1978. He received the Distinguished Scientist Award from the clinical division (12, Section III) of the American Psychological Association in 1985, and was installed to the National Acad- emies of Practice in Psychology in 1986. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (Divisions 7, 12, and 25), and was president of the American Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy. Dr. O'Leary is the author or coauthor of nine books, including: Marital Therapy Treatment for Depression (1990), Abnormal Psychology (1996), and The Couples Psycho- therapy Treatment Planner (1998). His research focuses on the etiology and treatment of partner aggression, and the marital discord/depression link. Roland D. Maiuro, PhD, is the Director of the Anger Management, Domestic Violence, and Workplace Conflict Programs located at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle, and Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine. He was a Henry Rutgers Scholar at Rutgers University, and earned his doctoral degree in clinical psychology at Washington University in St. Louis. Dr. Maiuro has received the Social Issues Award from the Washington State Psychological Association for his research on domestically violent men, and the Gold Achievement Award from the American Psychological Association for program development, teaching, and applied research in the areas of anger and interpersonal violence. Dr. Maiuro currently serves as Editor-in-Chief for Violence and Victims, an internationally distributed research journal devoted to theory, practice, and public policy related to perpetrators and victims of interpersonal violence. Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations K, Daniel Q*Le&ryy PhD find Roland D. Mmuroy PhD Editors Springer Publishing Company Copyright © 2001 by Springer Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Springer Publishing Company, Inc. 536 Broadway New York, NY 10012-3955 Cover design by Susan H&uley Cover photograph by Bernhurd Springer Acquisitions Editor: Bill Tucker Production Editor: Elizabeth Ketch 01 02 03 04 05 / 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Psychological abuse in violent domestic relations / K. Daniel O'Leary and Roland D. Maiuro, editors. p. cm. A compilation of articles from the journal Violence and Victims Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8261-1321-4 (hardcover) 1. Family violence—Psychological aspects. 2. Psychological abuse. I. O'Leary, K, Daniel, 1940- II. Maiuro, Roland D. RC569.5.F3 P787 2000 616.85'822—dc21 99-059298 Printed in Canada by Trigraphk Printing Contents Contributors vii Preface: Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, But Names Will Also Hurt Me: Psychological Abuse in Domestically Violent Relationships ix Roland Maiuro Acknowledgments xxi Part I. Measurement Issues 1. Psychological Abuse: A Variable Deserving Critical Attention in Domestic Violence 3 K. Daniel O'Leary 2. Measuring Emotional Abuse in Dating Relationships as a Multifactorial Construct 29 Christopher M. Murphy and Sharon A. Hoover 3. The Validation of the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory 47 Richard M. Tolman 4. The Dominance Scale: Preliminary Psychometric Properties 61 Sherry L. Hamby v vi Contents 5. A Scale for Identifying "Stockholm Syndrome'* Reactions in Young Dating Women: Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity 77 Dee L, R. Graham, Edna /. Rowlings, Kim Ihms, Diane Latimer, Janet Fotiano, Alicia Thompson, Kelly Suttman, Mary Farrington, and Rachel Hacker 6. The Reliability and Factor Structure of the Index of Spouse Abuse With African-American Women 101 Doris Williams Campbell, Jacquelyn Campbell, Christine King, Barbara Parker, and Josephine Ryan 7. Measuring Interference With Employment and Education Reported by Women With Abusive Partners: Preliminary Data 119 Stephanie Riger, Courtney Ahrens, and Amy Blickenstaff Part II. Interrelationships and Outcomes 8. Psychological Abuse: Implications for Adjustment and Commitment to Leave Violent Partners 137 Ileana Arias and Karen T. Pape 9. Effects of Men's Subtle and Overt Psychological Abuse on Low-Income Women 153 Linda L. Marshall 10. Court-Involved Battered Women's Responses to Violence: The Role of Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Abuse 177 Mary Ann Dutton, Lisa A. Goodman, and Lauren Bennett 11. The Impact of Different Forms of Psychological Abuse on Battered Women 197 Leslie A. Sackett and Daniel G. Sounders Index 213 Contributors Courtney Ahrens, PhD Mary Ann Dutton, PhD Department of Psychology George Washington University University of Illinois Law Center Chicago, IL Bethesda, MD lleana Arias, PhD Mary Farrington, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology The University of Georgia University of Cincinnati Athens, GA Cincinnati, OH Lauren Bennett, PhD Janet Foliano, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology University of Maryland University of Cincinnati Baltimore, MD Cincinnati, OH Amy Blickenstaff, PhD Lisa A. Goodman, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology University of Illinois University of Maryland Chicago, IL Baltimore, MD Doris Williams Campbell, ARNP, PhD Dee L. R. Graham, PhD College of Nursing Department of Psychology University of South Florida University of Cincinnati Tampa, FL Cincinnati, OH Jaequelyn Campbell, PhD, RN, FA AN Rachel Hacker, PhD School of Nursing Department of Psychology Johns Hopkins University University of Cincinnati Baltimore, MD Cincinnati, OH vii Vlll Contributors Sherry L. Hamby, PhD Edna I, Rawlings, PhD Family Research Laboratory Department of Psychology University of New Hampshire University of Cincinnati Durham, NH Cincinnati, OH Sharon A. Hoover, PhD Stephanie Riger, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology University of Maryland University of Illinois Baltimore, MD Chicago, IL Kim Ihms, PhD Josephine Eyan, PhD, RN Department of Psychology School of Nursing University of Cincinnati University of Massachusetts Cincinnati, OH Amherst, MA Christine King Leslie A. Sackett, PhD School of Nursing Columbia College University of Massachusetts Columbia, SC Amherst, MA Daniel G. Saunders, PhD Diane Latimer, PhD University of Michigan Department of Psychology School of Social Work University of Cincinnati Ann Arbor, MI Cincinnati, OH Kelly Suttman, PhD Linda L. Marshall, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology University of Cincinnati University of North Texas Cincinnati, OH Denton, TX Alicia Thompson, PhD Christopher M. Murphy, PhD Department of Psychology Department of Psychology University of Cincinnati University of Maryland Cincinnati, OH Baltimore, MD Richard M, Toiman, PhD Karen T. Pape, PhD University of Michigan Department of Psychology School of Social Work The University of Georgia Ann Arbor, MI Athens, GA Barbara Parker, PhD, EN, FAAN School of Nursing University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA Preface Sticks and Stones May Break My Bones, But Names Will Also Hurt Me: Psychological Abuse in Domestically Violent Relationships arly studies of domestic violence among intimate partners were based E on sociological and criniinological theory. As a result, the early focus was upon behavioral acts, which often constituted a transgression of acceptable cultural norms or a violation of another person's rights in the form of indexed criminal behavior. However, as the field has evolved, other disciplines have joined in the study of domestic violence including clinical psychology, social work, nursing, and, more recently, emergency and primary care medicine. As a result, domestic violence is now viewed as a cluster or pattern of interrelated behaviors, which can not only impact another person's freedom and rights but also effect various aspects of physical health and emotional well-being. A comprehensive definition of domestic violence now includes all behaviors that exert physical force to injure, control, or abuse an intimate or family member, forced or coerced sexual activity, destruction of IX