Psycho-Oncology Psycho- Oncology THIRD EDITION Edited by Jimmie C. Holland, MD William S. Breitbart, MD Phyllis N. Butow, PhD, MPH Paul B. Jacobsen, PhD Matthew J. Loscalzo, MSW Ruth McCorkle, PhD, RN, FAAN 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Oxford University Press 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Psycho-oncology (Holland) Psycho-oncology / edited by Jimmie C. Holland [and 5 others].—Third edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–936331–5 (alk. paper) I. Holland, Jimmie C., editor. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Neoplasms—psychology. 2. Neoplasms—complications. 3. Neoplasms—therapy. QZ 200] RC262 616.99′40019—dc23 2014024775 This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues are constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publisher do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface To have written the Preface for the first edition of the Handbook National Academies of Science, after a yearlong review, published of Psycho-Oncology in 1989 was a special privilege. Before the in 2008 the first policy statement regarding psycho-oncology.2 Handbook, research findings in psycho-oncology were published The evidence base for psycho-oncology, the IOM reported, war- in journals of several different disciplines. There was no single rants that to achieve quality cancer care, routine oncology prac- archive. So Julia Rowland and I edited the Handbook as the first tice must integrate psycho-oncology. This was further reinforced effort to collect in one place the field’s knowledge. Given the new- by the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer.3 ness of the field, it seemed presumptuous to call it a “textbook.” The Commission on Cancer now requires accredited cancer cen- A decade later, however, knowledge in the field of ters to have a psychosocial distress screening program in place—a psycho-oncology had burgeoned. The second serious review program by which to identify distressed patients, triage them to of the field’s knowledge suggested that we had moved beyond appropriate help, and follow up with them (see the table of histori- a handbook. In 1998, Oxford University Press published the cal events in the Introduction). multi-authored textbook Psycho-Oncology. With a board of six These strides notwithstanding, challenges remain. One editors, the second edition followed in 2010. Its size, almost seven such challenge is how to disseminate the evidence base for hundred pages, reflected the field’s exponential growth. We pres- psycho-oncology and change clinical practice at the bedside and ent now the third edition of Psycho-Oncology, only four years after in the clinic. This is a formidable task. Our future endeavors will the second, in order to keep up with the vast growth in knowledge. be aided by dissemination and implementation science, which It is an honor once again to write the Preface. I am one of the few now is recognized as a field in its own right.4 However, stigma living today who have seen the evolution of psycho-oncology from about mental illness persists in our culture. This stigma adversely its birth, through its adolescence, and now into its full maturity. impacts the care of patients with cancer and their families. A big This gives me an unusually broad perspective on the challenges step forward toward the goal of implementation has been achieved and successes. The first opportunity to move the field forward by the explosion of attention to screening for distress as a part of significantly occurred in the 1970s, when patients began to be routine care, like taking vital signs. It normalizes the inclusion of given their cancer diagnoses and we could study their emotional questions about “the whole person” and eliminates the discomfort responses to their illness. The fact that patients began to sur- that doctors and patients feel about asking questions that sound vive their cancer—and talk about it—began to reduce the stigma “mental.” attached to cancer. In this milieu, psycho-oncology was born, and Another challenge is the crisis that bears down upon the can- research into the psychosocial aspects of cancer became possible. cer care system. Described by the IOM in a 2013 report, the crisis However, the larger scientific community did not accept that comes from different directions.5 The increasing complexity of patient-reported subjective symptoms could be valid. Even cancer care, a growing demand, and a shrinking workforce have reports of pain were recorded in research studies from the physi- produced the perfect storm. Amid the increasing complexity of cian’s observation, not the patient’s report. It became clear that cancer care, this third edition of Psycho-Oncology underscores the we had to develop appropriate assessment tools for measuring importance of different professions working together as a team. patients’ subjective symptoms in order to conduct clinical trials The field of psycho-oncology is interdisciplinary. Through the of our interventions. The 1980s and 1990s thus were devoted to interdependent work of an interdisciplinary team, those work- development of valid assessment instruments and conducting ing in psycho-oncology can advocate for patients and family as studies and clinical trials of psychosocial and psychopharmaco- they navigate the complex cancer care system. They can accom- logic interventions. pany them on their personal journeys of cancer care. However, By 2000, an evidence base had developed, and the National it is the responsibility of psycho-oncology professionals to notice Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) used it and expert as well the growing demand and the shrinking workforce. Just as consensus to produce the first Guidelines for Management of we advocate for patients and families, we must recruit new profes- Distress in Cancer.1 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the sionals into both clinical and research areas of psycho-oncology. vi preface This volume as a whole shows how exciting the field is and the key influential in affecting the course of treatment, the adaptation to the role that psycho-oncology can play in contributing to the solution illness, and hence, in some ways, not all of which are yet understood, of the impending crisis in cancer care delivery. affect the outcome of treatment.… It is, therefore, a great satisfaction to see this new field of proper science handled, as in this book, with The third edition has some new areas:  several new such care for the available facts of the matter and, at the same time, evidence-based psychotherapies applicable for different stages of with such high, but restrained hopes for the scientific future. illness are described. The sections devoted to survivorship have lengthened as we have increasingly studied survivors at all ages Twenty-five years later, the confidence that Dr. Thomas had in the and better understand the issues and appropriate interventions. future of psycho-oncology is being affirmed by this, the third edi- In this context, lifestyle has taken on new dimensions in terms of tion of Psycho-Oncology. the prevention of cancer in healthy individuals, and the lifestyle of survivors as a means of preventing relapse of cancer. Diet and Jimmie C. Holland exercise have emerged as important in cancer prevention research. May 2014 They were not mentioned in the 1989 Handbook. New York, New York This is a fitting time to look back at the Foreword in the Handbook of Psycho-Oncology from 1989, which was written REFERENCES by Lewis Thomas, physician and philosopher, and president of 1. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN practice guidelines Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center at the time. He was an for the management of psychosocial distress. Oncology (Williston enthusiastic supporter of our work, and his observations are just Park). 1999;13(5A):113–147. as fresh today: 2. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Adler NE, Page AEK, eds. Cancer Care for the Whole Patient: Meeting Psychosocial Health Needs. Within less than a decade, the term psycho-oncology, viewed with Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2008. deep suspicion by most oncologists, has at last emerged as a respect- 3. American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. Cancer able field for both application and research. In my own view, having Program Standards 2012, Version 1.1: Ensuring Patient-Centered passed through both stages as skeptical clinician and administrator, Care. 2012. the appearance on the scene of psychiatrists and experimental psy- 4. Brownson RC, Colditz GA, Proctor EK, eds. Dissemination and chologists has so vastly improved the lot of cancer patients as to make Implementation Research in Health: Translating Science Into Practice. these new professionals indispensable. … The clinical oncologists of New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. all stripes have, for too long, overlooked or ignored the psychologi- 5. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Delivering High-Quality Cancer cal factors that may, for all we know at present, play a surprisingly Care: Charting A New Course for a System in Crisis. Washington, large role in individual susceptibility to neoplasia. They are certainly DC: National Academies Press; 2013. Contents Contributors xiii 8 Cervical Cancer Screening 49 Suzanne M. Miller, Siu-kuen Azor Hui, Introduction: History of Psycho-Oncology xxv John Scarpato, and Minsun Lee Jimmie C. Holland and Talia Weiss Wiesel 9 Breast Cancer Screening 58 Rory C. Weier, Sarah A. Reisinger, SECTION I and Electra D. Paskett Behavioral and Psychological Factors in Cancer Risk 10 Prostate Cancer Screening 64 Ronald E. Myers, Amy Leader, Melissa DiCarlo, 1 Tobacco Use and Cessation 3 Charnita Zeigler-Johnson, and Edouard Trabulsi Thomas H. Brandon, Marina Unrod, and Vani N. Simmons SECTION III 2 Diet and Cancer 8 Screening and Testing for Genetic Marian L. Fitzgibbon, Melinda R. Stolley, Susceptibility to Cancer and Lisa Tussing-Humphreys 11 Psychosocial Issues in Genetic Testing 3 Physical Activity and Cancer 15 for Breast/Ovarian Cancer 71 Christine M. Friedenreich, Heather Mary Jane Esplen and Eveline M. A. Bleiker K. Neilson, and Darren M. R. Brenner 12 Psychosocial Issues in Genetic Testing for 4 Sun Exposure and Cancer Risk 22 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer 77 Anne E. Cust, Afaf Girgis, and Andrea Farkas Patenaude and Susan K. Peterson Bruce K. Armstrong 5 A Psychosocial Perspective on SECTION IV Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer 28 Psychological Issues Related to Sara Fernandes-Taylor and Joan R. Bloom Site of Cancer 6 Psychosocial Factors 35 Christoffer Johansen 13 Central Nervous System Tumors 87 Alan D. Valentine SECTION II 14 Head and Neck Cancer 92 Screening for Cancer in Normal Gerald M. Devins, Kristen J. Otto, and At-Risk Populations Jonathan C. Irish, and Gary Rodin 15 Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary 7 Colorectal Cancer Screening 43 Cancers 98 Sally W. Vernon, Caitlin C. Murphy, Virginia Sun and Robert S. Krouse and Amy McQueen viii contents 16 Lung Cancer 105 31 Weight and Appetite Loss in Cancer 239 Mary E. Cooley, Hermine Poghosyan, Neil MacDonald and Linda Sarna 17 Genitourinary Malignancies 114 SECTION VI Andrew J. Roth and Alejandro González-Restrepo Palliative and Terminal Care 18 Gynecologic Cancers 121 32 Hospice and Home Care 249 Heidi S. Donovan and Teresa L. Hagan Stephen R. Connor 19 Skin Neoplasms and Malignant Melanoma 128 33 Canadian Virtual Hospice: A Template Peter C. Trask for Online Communication and Support 253 20 Breast Cancer 134 Harvey Max Chochinov, Mike Harlos, Shelly Cory, Tish Knobf Glen Horst, Fred Nelson, and Brenda Hearson 21 Sarcoma 139 34 Training of Psychologists and Psychiatrists in Michelle R. Brown, James Klosky, and Sheri L. Spunt Palliative Care 259 E. Alessandra Strada and William S. Breitbart 22 Hematopoietic Dyscrasias and Stem Cell Transplantation 144 Jesse R. Fann and Mitch Levy SECTION VII Psychiatric Disorders 23 HIV Infection and AIDS-Associated Neoplasms 155 35 Psychiatric Emergencies 267 Joanna S. Dognin and Peter A. Selwyn Andrew J. Roth and Talia R. Weiss Wiesel 24 Tumor of Unknown Primary Site 162 36 Adjustment Disorders 274 Anna M. Varghese and Leonard B. Saltz Madeline Li, Sarah Hales, and Gary Rodin 37 Depressive Disorders 281 SECTION V Peter Fitzgerald, Kimberley Miller, Management of Specific Physical Madeline Li, and Gary Rodin Symptoms 38 Suicide 289 25 Cancer-Related Pain 171 Hayley Pessin and William S. Breitbart Roma S. Tickoo, R. Garrett Key, and 39 Anxiety Disorders 296 William S. Breitbart Joseph A. Greer, James MacDonald, 26 Nausea and Vomiting 199 and Lara Traeger Brian Dietrich, Kavitha Ramchandran, 40 Delirium 304 and Jamie H. Von Roenn Yesne Alici, Alan T. Bates, and William S. Breitbart 27 Fatigue 209 41 Substance Use Disorders 317 Yesne Alici, Julienne E. Bower, and Kenneth L. Kirsh, Adam Rzetelny, and William S. Breitbart Steven D. Passik 28 Sexual Problems After Cancer 220 42 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Associated Andrew J. Roth, Jeanne Carter, Barbara with Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 323 Seidel, and Christian J. Nelson Matthew N. Doolittle and Katherine N. DuHamel 29 Neuropsychological Impact of Cancer 43 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, and Cancer Treatments 225 Factitious Illness, and Malingering in the Tim A. Ahles, Charissa Andreotti, and Oncology Setting 339 Denise D. Correa Ted Avi Gerstenblith, Lucy E. Hutner, 30 Sleep and Cancer 231 Felicia A. Smith, and Theodore A. Stern Amy E. Lowery contents ix 44 Cancer Care for Patients with Schizophrenia 345 55 Supportive Psychotherapy and Cancer: Linda Ganzini and Anne F. Gross A New Model for an Old Therapy 443 Marguerite S. Lederberg, Mindy 45 Difficult Personality Traits and Disorders in Greenstein, and Jimmie C. Holland Oncology 356 John D. Wynn 56 Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions 449 Barbara L. Andersen, Caroline S. Dorfman, and Neha Godiwala SECTION VIII Screening and Assessment in 57 Cognitive Therapy 458 Stirling Moorey and Maggie Watson Psychosocial Oncology 58 Self-Management Support 464 46 Screening and Assessment for Dena Schulman-Green, Edward Unmet Needs 369 H. Wagner, and Ruth McCorkle Amy Waller, Allison Boyes, Mariko Carey, and Rob Sanson-Fisher 59 Building Problem-Solving Skills 470 Arthur M. Nezu, Christine Maguth 47 Assessment and Screening for Anxiety and Nezu, and Kristin E. Salber Depression 378 Paul B. Jacobsen and Kristine A. Donovan 60 Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy 475 Wendy G. Lichtenthal, Allison J. Applebaum, 48 Screening and Assessment for Distress 384 and William S. Breitbart Alex J. Mitchell 61 Dignity in the Terminally Ill: 49 Screening and Assessment for Delirium Empirical Findings and Clinical and Dementia 396 Applications 480 Reena Jaiswal, Yesne Alici, and William S. Breitbart Harvey Max Chochinov and Maia S. Kredentser 50 Screening and Assessment for Cognitive Problems 405 62 Managing Cancer and Living Meaningfully James C. Root, Elizabeth Ryan, and Tim A. Ahles (CALM) Therapy 487 Sarah Hales, Christopher Lo, and Gary Rodin 51 Cross-Cultural Considerations in Screening and Assessment 411 63 Mindfulness Meditation and Yoga Luigi Grassi, Maria Giulia Nanni, for Cancer Patients 492 Kristine A. Donovan, and Paul B. Jacobsen Linda E. Carlson 64 Art and Music Therapy 497 SECTION IX Paola M. Luzzatto and Lucanne Magill Principles of Psychotropic 65 Religion/Spirituality and Cancer: Management A Brief Update of Selected Research 503 Andrea L. Canada and George Fitchett 52 Psychotropic Medications in Cancer Care 419 David P. Yuppa and Ilana M. Braun 66 Integrative Oncology 509 Alejandro Chaoul, Gabriel Lopez, Richard Tsong Lee, M. Kay Garcia, Moshe Frenkel, and Lorenzo Cohen SECTION X Evidence-Based Interventions 67 Physical Activity and Exercise Interventions in Cancer Survivors 515 53 Principles of Psychotherapy 431 Kerry S. Courneya, Jennifer J. Crawford, E. Alessandra Strada and Barbara M. Sourkes and Scott C. Adams 54 Healthcare Provider Communication: 68 Acceptance and Commitment The Model of Optimal Therapeutic Therapy (ACT) for Cancer Patients 521 Effectiveness 437 Nick Hulbert-Williams and Ray Owen Harvey Max Chochinov and Heather Campbell-Enns