Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 YOUR FEED- BACK YOUR BOOK Our research never ends. Continual feedback from you ensures that we keep up with your changing needs. www.cengage.com Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 inside Front cover (8.5”) inside Back cover (8.5") P S Y C H 6 introductory psychology SPENCER A. RATHUS Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 1 9/17/18 7:35 AM PSYCH6 © 2020, 2018, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc. Spencer A Rathus Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage. Senior Vice President, Higher Ed Product, Content, and Market Development: Erin Joyner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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Cover Image: Flashpop/DigitalVision/Getty Images Intellectual Property Analyst: Deanna Ettinger Library of Congress Control Number: 2018954593 Intellectual Property Project Manager: Jillian Shafer Student Edition ISBN: 978-0-357-04121-5 Production Service: SPi Global Student Edition with MindTap ISBN: 978-0-357-04105-5 Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Find your local representative at www.cengage.com. Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage platforms and services, register or access your online learning solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2018 Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 2 9/17/18 7:35 AM SPencer A. rAthuS PSYCH6 Brief Contents 1 What Is Psychology? 2 2 Biology and Psychology 30 3 Sensation and Perception 62 4 Consciousness 92 5 Learning 120 6 Memory: Remembrance of Things Past—and Future 146 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 174 8 Motivation and Emotion 204 9 The Voyage through the Life Span 232 10 Personality: Theory and Measurement 260 11 Stress, Health, and Coping 286 12 Psychological Disorders 306 13 Methods of Therapy 330 14 Social Psychology 354 Appendix: Statistics 382 Answers to Chapter Review Questions 396 References 398 Index 425 mages Getty I Creative/ Noise Quiet iii Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 3 9/25/18 6:03 PM CoNteNts 3-3 Visual Perception 73 3-4 Hearing 80 3-5 The Other Senses 84 3-6 ESP: Is there Perception without Sensation? 87 4 o ot h Consciousness 92 P ck o my St 4-1 What Is Consciousness? 93 a Al 4-2 Sleep and Dreams 96 e/ c our 4-3 Altering Consciousness: Hypnosis, S ge Meditation, and Biofeedback 102 a m I 4-4 Altering Consciousness through Drugs 106 4-5 Depressants 108 1 4-6 Stimulants 110 What Is Psychology? 2 4-7 Hallucinogenics 114 1-1 Psychology as a Science 4 5 1-2 Historical Foundations of Psychology 7 Learning 120 1-3 Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology 11 5-1 Learning, Experience, and Change 121 1-4 How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes 15 5-2 Classical Conditioning: Learning What is Linked to What 122 1-5 Methods of Research 18 5-3 Applications of Classical Conditioning 126 1-6 Ethics in Psychological Research 23 5-4 Operant Conditioning: Learning What does 1-7 Critical Thinking 24 What to What 129 5-5 Applications of Operant Conditioning 136 2 Biology and Psychology 30 5-6 Cognitive Factors in Learning 138 2-1 The Nervous System: On Being Wired 32 6 2-2 The Divisions of the Nervous System 38 Memory: Remembrance 2-3 The Brain: Wider than the Sky 41 of Things Past—and 2-4 A Voyage through the Brain 43 Future 146 2-5 The Cerebral Cortex 46 6-1 Kinds of Memory 147 2-6 The Endocrine System 49 6-2 Processes of Memory 150 2-7 Evolution and Heredity 52 6-3 Sensory Memory 153 3 6-4 Short-Term Memory 154 Sensation and Perception 62 6-5 Long-Term Memory 157 3-1 Sensation and Perception 63 6-6 Forgetting 161 3-2 Vision 67 6-7 The Biology of Memory 167 iv Contents Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 4 9/17/18 7:35 AM 10 Personality: Theory and Measurement 260 10-1 The Psychodynamic Perspective 262 10-2 The Trait Perspective 268 o ot Ph 10-3 Learning-Theory Perspectives 271 ck Sto 10-4 The Humanistic–Existential Perspective 273 my Ala 10-5 The Sociocultural Perspective 277 e/ c ur 10-6 Measurement of Personality 279 o S e g a m I 11 Stress, Health, and Coping 286 7 Thinking, Language, 11-1 Stress: What it is, Where it Comes From 288 and Intelligence 174 11-2 Psychological Moderators of Stress 293 11-3 Stress and the Body 295 7-1 Thinking 175 11-4 Psychology and Chronic Health Problems 299 7-2 Language 182 7-3 Language Development: The Two-Year Explosion 185 12 7-4 Theories of Intelligence 189 Psychological Disorders 306 7-5 The Measurement of Intelligence 193 12-1 What Are Psychological Disorders? 307 7-6 Nature and Nurture in Intelligence 198 12-2 Anxiety Disorders 310 8 12-3 Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders 313 Motivation and Emotion 204 12-4 Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders 314 8-1 The Psychology of Motivation 205 12-5 Dissociative Disorders 315 8-2 Theories of Motivation 206 12-6 Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders 316 8-3 Hunger 209 12-7 Mood Disorders 317 8-4 Sexual Motivation and Sexual Orientation 214 12-8 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 322 8-5 Achievement Motivation 219 12-9 Personality Disorders 326 8-6 Emotion 220 8-7 Theories of Emotion 224 9 The Voyage through the Life Span 232 9-1 Prenatal Development 233 9-2 Childhood: Physical Development 235 o ot h P 9-3 Childhood: Cognitive Development 237 ck o St 9-4 Childhood: Social and Emotional Development 244 my a 9-5 Adolescence 247 etti/Al b 9-6 Emerging Adulthood 251 o c ar 9-7 Adulthood 252 m Contents v Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 5 9/17/18 7:36 AM 13-6 Group Therapies 343 13-7 Does Psychotherapy Work? 345 13-8 Biological Therapies 348 14 o Social Psychology 354 ot h P ck 14-1 Attitudes 356 o St my 14-2 Prejudice and Discrimination 360 a Al o/ 14-3 Attraction and Love 362 ot h p o 14-4 Social Perception 365 br m A 14-5 Social Influence 367 14-6 Aggression 372 14-7 Group Behavior 373 13 Methods of Therapy 330 13-1 What Is Psychotherapy? 332 13-2 Psychodynamic Therapies 334 Appendix: Statistics 382 13-3 Humanistic Therapies 335 Answers to Chapter Review Questions 396 13-4 Behavior Therapy 337 References 398 13-5 Cognitive Therapies 341 Index 425 vi Contents Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 6 9/17/18 7:36 AM Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_fm_hr_i-vii.indd 7 9/17/18 7:36 AM 1 What Is Psychology? o ot h P ck o St my a Al e/ c ur o S e g a m I LEARNING OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you will be able to… 1-1 Define psychology and describe what psychologists do. 1-5 Explain how psychologists engage in research—including methods of observation, correlation, and experimentation— 1-2 Describe the origins of psychology and discuss people who to learn about behavior and mental processes. have made significant contributions to the field. 1-6 Discuss ethical standards that govern psychological 1-3 Identify the theoretical perspectives from which psychologists research and practice with humans and animals. today view behavior and mental processes. 1-7 Identify and discuss principles of critical thinking. 1-4 Outline the scientific method, and explain the relationship between samples and populations. 2 CHAPTER 1: What Is Psychology? Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 41055_ch01_hr_002-029.indd 2 9/5/18 5:57 PM