PT ! 7662 .J 59 •^.RABIG PROVERBS .VND PROVERBIAL PER ABES. JA:IES RICHARD JEWETT. d~kkyi LIBRARY JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY H-^ ARABIC PROVEKB8 PROVERBIAL PHRASES, COLLECTED, TEAJSTSLATED, Aisii ANNOTATED. A DISSERTATION HrtafeNTED TO THE PHILOSOPHICAL FACULTY OP THE UNIVBBSITY OF STRASSBUHQ- roE THE PUEPOSE OF OBTAININS THE DE&EEE OF DOCTOB OF PHILOSOPHY. JAMES EICHAED JEWETT. [ffaOM VOL. XV. OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AMEEIOAS ORIENTAL SOCIETY.] NEW HAVEN: The American Oriental Society. PRESS OF TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE & TAYLOR, PRINTERS' TO VALE UNIVEHSltV. MDCCCXcr. , .( . 3^5.^ 5i ACOEPTBD BY THE FACTJLTT MARCH 1ST, 1890. INTRODUCTION. In 1886, while in Syria, I began to collect Arabic proverbs, and obtained a considerable number, which were for the most part handed to me in writing by various friends. These proverbs were then read aloud to me by a native, at whose dictation I wrote them in transliteration. I had obtained several hundred in this way when I was so fortunate as to secure the services of Tlisuf Nasir, who, combining peculiar qualifications for the work with a genuine interest in adding to my collection, proved a most efficient helper. He was in my employ some time, and day by day would bring me fresh material, which, as well as my lists of proverbs given me by friends, he would read aloud for me to write in transliteration. I had so thoroughly impressed on him the fact that I wanted common proverbs in the common dialect that he very faithfully avoided the use of High Arabic words and forms. Proceeding in this way, and writing at his dictation, I formed a large collection, of which the following are a part. I may here state that Nasir and all my other authorities for these proverbs are Christians. My next step was to read the proverbs and phrases aloud to Mu'aUim Selim Mughabghab, Mu'allim Mihail Rustum, and Mu'allim Ghusn Ghusn, teachers in the Presbyterian mission school in Zahleh, and, whenever one of them did not know a proverb or phrase, to note that fact. Variants were also noted. In this way I was able to check what I had written, and be sure of the character of my material. I then selected some of the proverbs and phrases which seemed most desirable, and read them aloud to Nasir, who wrote each at the head of a sheet of paper, I myself writing the transliteration. The Arabic text is thus the text as written by N^sir, and it has been thought best to leave it as he wrote it, instead of giving the correct classical forms. 4: J. R. Jewett, I have not attempted to draw any dividing line between prov erbs and phrases, because they are both valuable as specimens of the common dialect, and because, as Socin has pointed out {Arabi- sche Sprichworter und Redensdrten, Einleitung, iv. c), the Arabic word which we translate ' proverb' has a broader application than our word proverb. Nor have I attempted any arrangement of the proverbs according to subjects or otherwise ; it has seemed that such an arrangement would not add especially to the useful ness of the collection. Of the transliteration little need be said. It has been thought that a system as simple as possible is most desirable, and no attempt has been made to render the utmost niceties of the pro nunciation. Long practice with natives rarely enables a foreigner to pronounce Arabic perfectly, and there is little hope that any system, however cpmplex, could enable scholars unacquainted with spoken Arabic to reproduce the sounds indicated by the transliteration. The difficulties of rendering in transliteration the sounds which one hears have been sufficiently set forth by others, and I will only say that I wrote the transliteration with care, and, while not daring to hope that it is free from mistakes and inconsistencies, I do hope that it will be found to be in the main correct, and to render the sounds with sufficient exactness. In the translation literalness rather than elegance has been aimed at. Some of the explanations were given me by natives on the spot, and in some cases I have given without native au thority what seemed to be the obvious meaning of the proverb or phrase under consideration. In many other cases I have relied on notes furnished me in Arabic by Ibrahim Haurani, the well-known scholar and poet. These notes were made necessary by the fact that I was unexpectedly called away from Syria in 188Y some time before I had planned to leave, and thus very much remained to be done, and many points to be cleared up. Hauri,ni's notes I have marked with the letter H. It may be fair to state that I have neither given in full nor translated literally the material vfhiah. he furnished me, but have given simply that Arabic Proverbs am,d Proverbial Phrases: 5 which seemed useful for my purposes. In work of this kind questions often arise which can be settled satisfactorily only by natives, and one is at a great disadvantage who in a foreign country and after a lapse of time attempts to finish a work which can be completed properly only where the language of which it treats is spoken. Count Landberg's valuable JProverbes et dictons du peuple arabe, Yol. i., I have had constantly by me, and am greatly indebted to it in various ways." I understand that the second volume of this work is in press. Its appearance will be welcomed, and it is to be hoped that Count Landberg will publish as rapidly as may be the rest of his large collection of Modern Arabic materials. I am indebted to Prof. Socin for his lists of books in his Arabische Sprichworter, and in his article in the Zeitschrift der Dmt. Morg. Gesellschaft, xxxvii. 189. To Prof. Noldeke I am under obligation for valuable sugges tions, and I wish not only to thank him for these suggestions, but also and especially to express my gratitude to him for the unfailing courtesy and kindness which he has shown me ever since I first had the privilege of studying with him. I hope I may be able to publish later at least a part of the materials which I have on hand, but I wish to thank now all those who have helped me in one way or another in making my collection, and especially the three Zahleh teachers whom I have mentioned above. Conscious as I am of the many imperfections of the following pages, I hope the work may be at least a slight contribution to the happily growing literature of the Modem Arabic dialects. 6 J. R. Jewett, LIST OF BOOKS AND ARTICLES REFERRED TO. Al!=Ali's hundert Sprilche, arabisch und persisch paraphrasirt von Reschideddin Watwat, nebst einem doppelten Anhange arabischer Spriiche, herausgegeben, iibersetzt, und mit Anmerkungen be- gleitet, von H. L. Fleischer. Leipzig, 1837. Berg.=Guide frangais-arabe vulgaire des voyageurs et des Francs en Syrie et en Egypte, par J. Berggren. Upsal, 1844. Boothor=Dictionnaire frangais-arabe par Ellious Boothor, egyptien, revu et augmente par Ibed Qallab. Le Caire, 1871. Bt.= Arabic Proverbs; or the manners and customs of the modern Egyptians, illustrated from their proverbial sayings current at Cairo ; translated and explained by the late John Lewis Burckhardt. Second Edition, London, 1875. Burton=Unexplored Syria, visit to the Libanus, etc., by Richard F. Burton and Charles F. Tyrwhitt Drake. Vol. i., London, 1873, pp. 363-394. Cuche=:Vocabulaire arabe-frangais a I'usage des etudiants. Beyrouth, 1883. Dozy=:Supplement aux dictionnaires arabes, par R. Dozy. 3 vols. Leyde, 1881. Durra=Ed-durrat el-yetlme fil-amthal el-qadlme. Beirut, 1871. Fr. = Arabum Proverbia vocalibus instruxit, latine vertit, commentario illustravit, et sumtibus suis edidit G. W. Freytag. Bonnae, 1838-43. Hartmann= Arabischer Spraohfilhrer fur Reisende, von Dr. M. Hart- mann, Leipzig. Kall.=Arabum philosophia popularis sive sylloge nova proverbiorum a Jacobo Salomone Damascene diotata exoepit et interpretatus est perillustris vir Fridericus Rostgaard. Edidit cum adnotationibus nonnullis Johannes Christianus KaUius. Hafniae, 1764. Landberg=Proverbes et dictons du peuple arabe, materiaux pour servir a la connaissanoe des dialeotes vulgaires, recueillis, traduits, et annotes par Carlo Landberg. Vol. i., Leide, 1883. Lane=Arabic-English Dictionary by E. W. Lane. London, 1863 . M. S.=Mtha,'ll Sabbagh's Grammatik der arabischen Umgangsspraohe in Syrien und Aegypten. Nach der Mtinchener Handschrift heraus gegeben von H. Thorbecke. Strassburg, 1886. Muhit=MuMt al-Muhlt, by Butrus al-BistAni. Beirftt, 1870. Must.=Mustatraf, Vol. i., pp. 33-50. Bulaq, 1285. Nofal=Guide de conversation en Arabe et en Frangais par Georges Nofal Sme edition, Beyrouth, 1876, pp. 500-548, Arabic Proverbs and Proverbial Phrases. ? Sand.=Die Maltesisclie Mundart, von Dr. C. Sandreczki, II., ZDMG. Vol. xxxiii. Scaliger= JLixi^l I_JLX5 sen proverbiorum arabicorum centuriae duae ab anonymo quodam Arabe coUectae et explicatae cum iuterpre- tatione Latina et schohis Joseph! Scaliger! et Thomae Erpenii. Leidae, 1614. Snouck=Mekkanische Sprichworter und Redensarten, gesammelt und erlautert von Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje. Haag, 1886. Soc.= Arabische Sprichworter und Redensarten, gesammelt und erklart von Dr. A. Socin. Tiibihgen, 1878 ; also ZDMG. xxxvii. 189 S. Sp.=:Grammatik des arabischen Vulgardialectes von Aegypten, von Dr. Wilhelm Spitta-Bey. Leipzig, 1880. There is a collection of pro verbs in this work, pp. 494-516. Sp. ContestContes arabes modernes recueillis et traduits par Guil- laume Spitta-Bey. Leide, 1883. Tant.=Traite de la langue arabe vulgaire par le Scheikh Muliammad Ayyad el-Tantavy. Leipsic, 1848, pp. 110-133. VaBsaIli=Motti, aforismi, e proverbii maltesi; raccolti, interpretati, e di note esplicative e filologiche corredati da Michelantonio Vassalli. Malta, 1838, Unless the contrary is stated, the figures in any reference indi cate the number which the proverb corresponding to the one under discussion bears in the collection referred to. TABLE OF TRANSLITERATION. 1 =' o=/ ) =' LJ=6 ^=s 0 = 2 J = fc «y = f li:^ = th u° = ? J = i =y (pronounced as inF rench) uO = d J. =m C = ^ io =t \J = n ^=h Jo =? H =h C ' 0 =d £ =• } =»« !i =dh t ^^^^ iS = y V = r 8 J. P. Jewett, a =: a in German Mann, a = a in English lack. d = a with imdla (' deflection' towards the sound of i), nearly like a in German Hfinde. (B = the preceding sound lengthened, a sound more nearly like the pro longation of the sound of a in English lack than like a in German Vater, though not very different from either. e = e in English met. e = e in Enghsh they, German See. i = i in English pin, German in. i = ee in English seen, i in German ilm. 0 = 0 hi English obey. This sound is deflected from an original u. 0 = 0 in English note, German gross. This sound comes from an origi nal au. u = uin Enghsh put, nearly like u in German stumpf. a = 00 in English school, German u in Stube. -it = a sound intermediate between the u and the i, but not quite the same as the German u. ai = i in English mind, German ei in Eis. &i=a peculiar sound which may be approximately rendered by pro nouncing lack with a very short i after the a (la'ck), and running the two sounds together. As Prof. Noldeke suggests, this is about the same as the Suabian pronunciation of ei in Wein, Eis. au = ow in English cow, German au in Haus. &u bears the same relation to au that di bears to ai. The circumflex accent over a vowel indicates that the vowel is long and has the accent. Syllables with ce always have the accent. The accent is on the first syllable, unless otherwise indicated.