Prototypical adverbs From comparative concept to typological prototype Pernilla H. Halling DepartmentofLinguistics StockholmUniversity 27 February 2015 PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 1/38 A prototype approach to parts of speech (Croft 1991, 2001, 2003) NOUN: reference to an object VERB: predication of an action ADJECTIVE: modi(cid:28)cation by a property ADVERB: modi(cid:28)cation by a property PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 2/38 A prototype approach to parts of speech (Croft 2001: 88) Reference Modi(cid:28)cation Predication Objects UNMARKED genitive, adjectivilizations, predicate NOUNS PPs on nouns nominals, copulas Properties deadjectival UNMARKED predicate nouns ADJECTIVES adjectives, copulas Actions action nominals, participles,relative clauses UNMARKED complements, VERBS in(cid:28)nitives, gerunds PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 3/38 Unmarkedess (Croft 2001) A marked item is encoded by at least as many morphemes as an unmarked item (1) I ate a sweet apple. (2) I tasted the sweetness of the apple. (3) The apple was sweet. PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 4/38 Adjectives Extensive typological research in the area of adjectives, e.g: Dixon (1977) Wetzer (1996) Dixon & Aikhenvald (2004) A comparative concept following Haspelmath (2010: 670): (cid:16)An adjective is a lexeme that denotes a descriptive property and that can be used to narrow the reference of a noun.(cid:17) PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 5/38 Semantic types of adjectives (Dixon 1977, 2004) Core semantic types: a. DIMENSION - big, small, long b. AGE - new, young, old c. VALUE - good, bad, lovely d. COLOR - black, white, red Peripheral semantic types: e. PHYSICAL PROPERTY - hard, soft, heavy f. HUMAN PROPENSITY - jealous, happy, kind g. SPEED - fast, quick, slow PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 6/38 Prototypical adverbs? What about adverbs? (4) The athlete ran fast. PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 7/38 Adverbs Adverb as a comparative concept: An adverb is a lexeme that denotes a descriptive property and that can be used to modify a verb. PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 8/38 Applying adverb as a comparative concept Genealogically diverse sample of around 60 languages Languages types: Non-derived adjectives and adverbs Non-derived adverbs only Non-derived modi(cid:28)ers - function both adjectivally and adverbially Unmarked adverbials PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 9/38 Languages with non-derived adjectives and adverbs Kham (Sino-Tibetan) Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean) PernillaH.Halling Prototypicaladverbs 27February2015 10/38