f o to Radiotherapy Accelerators i WiolettfrtWiesztzycka & Waldemar H. Scharf World Scientific * / / Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators Wioletta Wieszczycka Waldemar H. Scharf Warsaw University of Technology, Poland V fe World Scientific «• New JJeersrseeyy • •L Loonnddoonn • •S Sh ingapore • Hong Kong Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. P O Box 128, Farrer Road, Singapore 912805 USA office: Suite IB, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. PROTON RADIOTHERAPY ACCELERATORS Copyright 2001 this edition by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-02-4528-9 Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd This book is dedicated to my Parents and my brother Karol Wioletta Wieszczycka PREFACE Hadronic radiotherapy uses particle beams to treat tumors located near critical body structures and tumors that respond poorly to conventional photon and electron beam radiotherapy. Intital research in hadronic radiotherapy was performed using accelerators built for physics research. The good results of the proton and ion therapy programms have enhanced the tendency to use protontherapy as a routine method. There are about 20 working protontherapy facilities (first, second and third generation) and more than 30 centers is planned. This book presents the first comprehensive overview of the field with a discussion on the fundamental basis of particle physics and radiobiology, as well as review of clinical and technical specificatioons and designs for proton radiotherapy. In particular, the current designs of proton and heavy ion accelerators, beam delivery systems, gantries, beam monitoring and dosimetry systems, patient positioning and immobilisation devices, control and safety systems, accelerator and whole center shielding, and ancillary treatment facilities are widely discussed. The book contains the review of the global costs and financial analysis of the activities of the proton radiotherapy center. Finally, a proposal of a dedicated hospital-based protontherapy facility is presented. The book is devoted to engineers and physicians involved in the design and construction of proton radiotherapy accelerators, accelerator and biomedical physics and devoted to radiotherapists, as well as undergraduate and graduate students in high energy physics. The present book owes a great deal to Dr. Andre Laisne (Pantechnik, France) who has shown a great interest and offered a great help by reviewing the whole manuscript of Proton Raditherapy Accelerators. The authors also want to express their thanks to Prof. Ugo Amaldi from CERN and Prof. Sadayoshi Fukumoto and Kuninori Endo (both from KEK, Japan) for valuable materials and remarks on the book. We also wish to give a special thanks to Dr. S. Ternier (IBA), Dr. I. Akifumi (Hyogo), Dr. A. Maruhashi Vll viii Proton Radiotherapy A ccelerators (PMRC), Prof. A. Mazal (CPO), Dr. P. Chauvel (CAL), Prof. A.G. Moloka- nov(JINR), Dr. S. Fukuda (Wakasa Way), Dr. T. Nishio (NCC) - for inter esting materials and valuable suggestions. Wioletta Wieszczycka Waldemar H. Scharf Warsaw, Poland January 2001 CONTENTS PREFACE vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Cancer and Radiation Therapy 1 1.2 Historical Development of Radiation Therapy 3 1.3 Modern Tools for Conventional Radiotherapy 9 1.3.1 Main Parameters of Conventional Therapy Beams 9 1.3.2 Elements of Conventional Accelerator System 11 1.3.3 Reasons for Development of Nonconventional Radiotherapies 14 1.3.3.1 Protontherapy 15 1.3.3.2 Radiotherapy with Ions of Light Atoms (Light Ions) 15 1.3.3.3 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 17 1.4 Glossary 17 1.4.1 Beam Intensity 17 1.4.2 Beam Range in an Absorbing Medium 18 1.4.3 Bragg Peak Modulation 19 1.4.4 Range Adjustment 19 1.4.5 Radiation Field 19 1.4.6 Field Homogeneity on a Transverse Section 19 1.4.7 Homogeneity Region in a Plane Orthogonal to the Beam Direction 20 1.4.8 Field Homogeneity along the Beam Axis 21 1.4.9 Field Symmetry 22 1.4.10 Lateral Penumbra 22 1.4.11 Distal Dose Fall-off 22 ix