Prostitution and Human Trafficking Focus on Clients Andrea Di Nicola (cid:127) Andrea Cauduro Marco Lombardi (cid:127) Paolo Ruspini Editors Prostitution and Human Trafficking Focus on Clients Editors Andrea Di Nicola Andrea Cauduro Università degli Studi di Trento Università degli Studi di Trento Trento, Italy Trento, Italy Marco Lombardi Paolo Ruspini Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore University of Lugano, Switzerland Milano, Italy University of Warwick Coventry, UK ISBN: 978-0-387-73628-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-387-73630-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73630-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931184 © 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the writ- ten permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in c onnection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer soft- ware, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper springer.com Acknowledgments This volume presents the results of project “How much? A pilot study on four key EU member and candidate countries on the demand for trafficked prostitution,” financed by the European Commission under AGIS programme (project no. 2005/ AGIS/185) and carried out by ISMU Foundation (Italy) with the collaboration of Transcrime researchers and – Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Sweden) – Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam (The Netherlands) – National Institute of Criminology (Romania) This research work would not have been feasible without the help and assistance of a number of persons. First of all, we would like to thank our co-authors and all the clients, prostitutes, police officers, webmasters together with all the many other persons impossible to list here without whom this research would have not seen the light. Second, we would like to express our gratitude to the Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security of the European Commission which, under the AGIS Programme, has supported both the project and the realization of this publication. Paul Murphy kindly assisted with the proof reading of the final text. Last but not least, a special mention goes to Prof. Ernesto Ugo Savona, Director of Transcrime, for his inspiring thoughts as well as to the ISMU Foundation for its organizational and logistic support. v Contents Part I Investigation on the Demand for Trafficked Women 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 3 Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Marco Lombardi, and Paolo Ruspini 2 Review of the Research Studies on the Demand for Prostitution in the European Union and Beyond .......................... 5 Andrea Cauduro 3 Objectives and Methodology of the Research ....................................... 23 Andrea Di Nicola and Paolo Ruspini Part II Results from the Fieldwork in Italy, Netherlands, Romania and Sweden 4 Innocent When You Dream Clients and Trafficked Women in Italy .............................................................. 31 Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Chiara Fonio, Andrea Nuvoloni, and Paolo Ruspini 5 The Flesh is Weak, the Spirit Even Weaker Clients and Trafficked Women in the Netherlands .......................................... 67 Damián Zaitch and Richard Staring 6 Romania: Emerging Market for Trafficking? Clients and Trafficked Women in Romania ......................................... 123 Dan Alexandru Dragomirescu, Carmen Necula, and Raluca Simion vii viii Contents 7 In the Land of Prohibition? Clients and Trafficked Women in Sweden ................................................................................... 163 Johanna Hagstedt, Lars Korsell, and Alfred Skagerö Part III Perspectives on the Clients through an Internet Survey 8 An Internet Survey to Understand Clients............................................ 205 Marco Lombardi and Chiara Fonio Part IV Conclusions 9 Learning from Clients ............................................................................. 227 Andrea Di Nicola and Paolo Ruspini Bibliography ................................................................................................... 237 Index ................................................................................................................ 249 Contributors Andrea Cauduro Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan, Italy Andrea Di Nicola Faculty of Law, University of Trento; Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime, University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan, Italy Dan Alexandru Dragomirescu University of Bucharest, Romania Chiara Fonio Catholic University of Milan, Italy Johanna Hagstedt Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden Lars Korsell Brå – The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden Marco Lombardi Faculty of Humanities, Catholic University of Milan, Italy Carmen Necula National Institute of Criminology, Bucharest, Romania Andrea Nuvoloni Former researcher at Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime University of Trento/Catholic University of Milan, Italy Paolo Ruspini University of Lugano, Switzerland; University of Warwick, United Kingdom Raluca Simion National Institute of Criminology, Bucharest, Romania Alfred Skagerö Brå – The Swedish Council for Crime Prevention, Stockholm, Sweden Richard Staring Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Damián Zaitch Department of Criminology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands ix Part I Investigation on the Demand for Trafficked Women Chapter 1 Introduction Andrea Cauduro, Andrea Di Nicola, Marco Lombardi, and Paolo Ruspini Client: Have you ever had a […] by an Albanian? Researcher: No… Client: You should have one, they’re great! “I’ll tell you something: between an exploited girl and a ‘free’ one, I choose the exploited one. Because a girl who’s being exploited has to give money to her pimp, otherwise she’ll be beaten. The others, when they’ve earned enough they stop working. The exploited ones no: even they don’t want to work, they have to stay there and if they don’t pay the pimp they’re beaten […] If you think about it, you notice it is more a help than anything else. We all know they’re exploited, so it’s better to go with them, otherwise they’ll be slaughtered!” These two tough excerpts from interviews with clients of foreign prostitution stress the core point of this work: There seems to be a different view, a different logic that moves these men in their search for commercial sex. This is the focus of the discussion and the main reason for this volume. We have attempted to study the phenomenon of trafficking from a different and innovative perspective: the demand. Trafficking in human beings for sexual exploitation (and not only) has involved all the European Union and more in general Western European countries in the past twenty years. In this field, many pieces of research have been carried out to analyse the phe- nomenon and suggest possible areas for intervention. All these works have contributed to develop knowledge on the issue, though they have some limitations as they are almost exclusively focused on the supply of “trafficked sex”, i.e. who the victims and traffickers are, which routes are employed, which countries are the origin/destination, and so on. This volume is one of the first attempts to investigate the other side of the coin. In this regard, thanks to a long period spent in the field and an internet virtual ethnography, it has been possible to discover some significant elements such as the fact that clients of trafficked prostitution are likely to be ordinary men (professionals and workers, married and single, high and low educated, young and elderly persons); in other words, they are transversal to all social classes and do not represent a particularly deviant group of individuals. In addition, this work tries to focus not only on who the clients are, but also on why they look for this segment of commercial sex. In particular: is it a “biological” A.T. Di Nicola et al. (eds.) Prostitution and Human Trafficking, 33 © Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009