cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 907 APPENDIX 1 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) Table A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and Table A–20 Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, critical-point properties CO 2 Table A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various Table A–21 Ideal-gas properties of carbon common gases monoxide, CO Table A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, Table A–22 Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2 and foods Table A–23 Ideal-gas properties of water vapor,H O 2 Table A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–24 Ideal-gas properties of monatomic Table A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table oxygen, O Table A–6 Superheated water Table A–25 Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH Table A–7 Compressed liquid water Table A–26 Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function Table A–8 Saturated ice–water vapor of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm Figure A–9 T-s diagram for water Table A–27 Properties of some common fuels and Figure A–10 Mollier diagram for water hydrocarbons Table A–11 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Table A–28 Natural logarithms of the equilibrium Temperature table constant K p Table A–12 Saturated refrigerant-134a— Figure A–29 Generalized enthalpy departure chart Pressure table Figure A–30 Generalized entropy departure chart Table A–13 Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–31 Psychrometric chart at 1 atm total Figure A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a pressure Figure A–15 Nelson–Obert generalized Table A–32 One-dimensional isentropic compressibility chart compressible-flow functions Table A–16 Properties of the atmosphere at high for an ideal gas with k (cid:2) 1.4 altitude Table A–33 One-dimensional normal-shock Table A–17 Ideal-gas properties of air functions for an ideal gas with k (cid:2) 1.4 Table A–18 Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N2 Table A–34 Rayleigh flow functions for an ideal Table A–19 Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O gas with k (cid:2) 1.4 2 907 cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 908 908 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS TABLE A–1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Critical-point properties Gas Molar mass, constant, Temperature, Pressure, Volume, Substance Formula Mkg/kmol RkJ/kg·K* K MPa m3/kmol Air — 28.97 0.2870 132.5 3.77 0.0883 Ammonia NH 17.03 0.4882 405.5 11.28 0.0724 3 Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 151 4.86 0.0749 Benzene C H 78.115 0.1064 562 4.92 0.2603 6 6 Bromine Br 159.808 0.0520 584 10.34 0.1355 2 n-Butane C H 58.124 0.1430 425.2 3.80 0.2547 4 10 Carbon dioxide CO 44.01 0.1889 304.2 7.39 0.0943 2 Carbon monoxide CO 28.011 0.2968 133 3.50 0.0930 Carbon tetrachloride CCl 153.82 0.05405 556.4 4.56 0.2759 4 Chlorine Cl 70.906 0.1173 417 7.71 0.1242 2 Chloroform CHCl 119.38 0.06964 536.6 5.47 0.2403 3 Dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) CCl F 120.91 0.06876 384.7 4.01 0.2179 2 2 Dichlorofluoromethane (R-21) CHCl F 102.92 0.08078 451.7 5.17 0.1973 2 Ethane C H 30.070 0.2765 305.5 4.48 0.1480 2 6 Ethyl alcohol C H OH 46.07 0.1805 516 6.38 0.1673 2 5 Ethylene C H 28.054 0.2964 282.4 5.12 0.1242 2 4 Helium He 4.003 2.0769 5.3 0.23 0.0578 n-Hexane C H 86.179 0.09647 507.9 3.03 0.3677 6 14 Hydrogen (normal) H 2.016 4.1240 33.3 1.30 0.0649 2 Krypton Kr 83.80 0.09921 209.4 5.50 0.0924 Methane CH 16.043 0.5182 191.1 4.64 0.0993 4 Methyl alcohol CH OH 32.042 0.2595 513.2 7.95 0.1180 3 Methyl chloride CH Cl 50.488 0.1647 416.3 6.68 0.1430 3 Neon Ne 20.183 0.4119 44.5 2.73 0.0417 Nitrogen N 28.013 0.2968 126.2 3.39 0.0899 2 Nitrous oxide N O 44.013 0.1889 309.7 7.27 0.0961 2 Oxygen O 31.999 0.2598 154.8 5.08 0.0780 2 Propane C H 44.097 0.1885 370 4.26 0.1998 3 8 Propylene C H 42.081 0.1976 365 4.62 0.1810 3 6 Sulfur dioxide SO 64.063 0.1298 430.7 7.88 0.1217 2 Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) CF CH F 102.03 0.08149 374.2 4.059 0.1993 3 2 Trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) CCl F 137.37 0.06052 471.2 4.38 0.2478 3 Water H O 18.015 0.4615 647.1 22.06 0.0560 2 Xenon Xe 131.30 0.06332 289.8 5.88 0.1186 *The unit kJ/kg·K is equivalent to kPa·m3/kg·K. The gas constant is calculated from R(cid:2)R /M, where R (cid:2)8.31447 kJ/kmol·K and Mis the molar u u mass. Source:K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review52 (1953), pp. 117–236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals(Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 909 909 APPENDIX 1 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a) At 300 K Gas constant, R c c p v Gas Formula kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K k Air — 0.2870 1.005 0.718 1.400 Argon Ar 0.2081 0.5203 0.3122 1.667 Butane C H 0.1433 1.7164 1.5734 1.091 4 10 Carbon dioxide CO 0.1889 0.846 0.657 1.289 2 Carbon monoxide CO 0.2968 1.040 0.744 1.400 Ethane C H 0.2765 1.7662 1.4897 1.186 2 6 Ethylene C H 0.2964 1.5482 1.2518 1.237 2 4 Helium He 2.0769 5.1926 3.1156 1.667 Hydrogen H 4.1240 14.307 10.183 1.405 2 Methane CH 0.5182 2.2537 1.7354 1.299 4 Neon Ne 0.4119 1.0299 0.6179 1.667 Nitrogen N 0.2968 1.039 0.743 1.400 2 Octane C H 0.0729 1.7113 1.6385 1.044 8 18 Oxygen O 0.2598 0.918 0.658 1.395 2 Propane C H 0.1885 1.6794 1.4909 1.126 3 8 Steam H O 0.4615 1.8723 1.4108 1.327 2 Note:The unit kJ/kg·K is equivalent to kJ/kg·°C. Source:Chemical and Process Thermodynamics3/E by Kyle, B. G., © 2000. Adapted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 910 910 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Continued) (b) At various temperatures c c c c c c p v p v p v kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K k kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K k kJ/kg·K kJ/kg·K k Temperature, K Air Carbon dioxide, CO Carbon monoxide, CO 2 250 1.003 0.716 1.401 0.791 0.602 1.314 1.039 0.743 1.400 300 1.005 0.718 1.400 0.846 0.657 1.288 1.040 0.744 1.399 350 1.008 0.721 1.398 0.895 0.706 1.268 1.043 0.746 1.398 400 1.013 0.726 1.395 0.939 0.750 1.252 1.047 0.751 1.395 450 1.020 0.733 1.391 0.978 0.790 1.239 1.054 0.757 1.392 500 1.029 0.742 1.387 1.014 0.825 1.229 1.063 0.767 1.387 550 1.040 0.753 1.381 1.046 0.857 1.220 1.075 0.778 1.382 600 1.051 0.764 1.376 1.075 0.886 1.213 1.087 0.790 1.376 650 1.063 0.776 1.370 1.102 0.913 1.207 1.100 0.803 1.370 700 1.075 0.788 1.364 1.126 0.937 1.202 1.113 0.816 1.364 750 1.087 0.800 1.359 1.148 0.959 1.197 1.126 0.829 1.358 800 1.099 0.812 1.354 1.169 0.980 1.193 1.139 0.842 1.353 900 1.121 0.834 1.344 1.204 1.015 1.186 1.163 0.866 1.343 1000 1.142 0.855 1.336 1.234 1.045 1.181 1.185 0.888 1.335 Hydrogen, H Nitrogen, N Oxygen, O 2 2 2 250 14.051 9.927 1.416 1.039 0.742 1.400 0.913 0.653 1.398 300 14.307 10.183 1.405 1.039 0.743 1.400 0.918 0.658 1.395 350 14.427 10.302 1.400 1.041 0.744 1.399 0.928 0.668 1.389 400 14.476 10.352 1.398 1.044 0.747 1.397 0.941 0.681 1.382 450 14.501 10.377 1.398 1.049 0.752 1.395 0.956 0.696 1.373 500 14.513 10.389 1.397 1.056 0.759 1.391 0.972 0.712 1.365 550 14.530 10.405 1.396 1.065 0.768 1.387 0.988 0.728 1.358 600 14.546 10.422 1.396 1.075 0.778 1.382 1.003 0.743 1.350 650 14.571 10.447 1.395 1.086 0.789 1.376 1.017 0.758 1.343 700 14.604 10.480 1.394 1.098 0.801 1.371 1.031 0.771 1.337 750 14.645 10.521 1.392 1.110 0.813 1.365 1.043 0.783 1.332 800 14.695 10.570 1.390 1.121 0.825 1.360 1.054 0.794 1.327 900 14.822 10.698 1.385 1.145 0.849 1.349 1.074 0.814 1.319 1000 14.983 10.859 1.380 1.167 0.870 1.341 1.090 0.830 1.313 Source:Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics,4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A–4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases,NBS Circular 564, 1955. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 911 911 APPENDIX 1 TABLE A–2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (Concluded) (c) As a function of temperature _ c (cid:2) a(cid:3) bT(cid:3) cT2 (cid:3) dT3 p (Tin K, c in kJ/kmol·K) p % error Temperature Substance Formula a b c d range, K Max. Avg. Nitrogen N 28.90 (cid:4)0.1571 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.8081 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)2.873 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.59 0.34 2 Oxygen O 25.48 1.520 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)0.7155 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 1.312 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 1.19 0.28 2 Air — 28.11 0.1967 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.4802 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)1.966 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.72 0.33 Hydrogen H 29.11 (cid:4)0.1916 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.4003 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)0.8704 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 1.01 0.26 2 Carbon monoxide CO 28.16 0.1675 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.5372 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)2.222 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.89 0.37 Carbon dioxide CO 22.26 5.981 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)3.501 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 7.469 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.67 0.22 2 Water vapor H O 32.24 0.1923 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 1.055 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)3.595 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.53 0.24 2 Nitric oxide NO 29.34 (cid:4)0.09395 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.9747(cid:5) 10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)4.187 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.97 0.36 Nitrous oxide N O 24.11 5.8632 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)3.562 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 10.58 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.59 0.26 2 Nitrogen dioxide NO 22.9 5.715 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)3.52 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 7.87 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.46 0.18 2 Ammonia NH 27.568 2.5630 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 0.99072 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)6.6909 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.91 0.36 3 Sulfur S 27.21 2.218 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)1.628 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 3.986 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.99 0.38 2 Sulfur dioxide SO 25.78 5.795 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)3.812 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 8.612 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1800 0.45 0.24 2 Sulfur trioxide SO 16.40 14.58 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)11.20 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 32.42 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1300 0.29 0.13 3 Acetylene C H 21.8 9.2143 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)6.527 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 18.21 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 1.46 0.59 2 2 Benzene C H (cid:4)36.22 48.475 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)31.57 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 77.62 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.34 0.20 6 6 Methanol CH O 19.0 9.152 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)1.22 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)8.039 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1000 0.18 0.08 4 Ethanol C H O 19.9 20.96 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)10.38 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 20.05 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.40 0.22 2 6 Hydrogen chloride HCl 30.33 (cid:4)0.7620 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 1.327 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)4.338 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.22 0.08 Methane CH 19.89 5.024(cid:5) 10(cid:4)2 1.269 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 (cid:4)11.01 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 1.33 0.57 4 Ethane C H 6.900 17.27 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)6.406 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 7.285 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.83 0.28 2 6 Propane C H (cid:4)4.04 30.48 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)15.72 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 31.74 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.40 0.12 3 8 n-Butane C H 3.96 37.15 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)18.34 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 35.00 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.54 0.24 4 10 i-Butane C H (cid:4)7.913 41.60 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)23.01 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 49.91 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.25 0.13 4 10 n-Pentane C H 6.774 45.43 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)22.46 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 42.29 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.56 0.21 5 12 n-Hexane C H 6.938 55.22 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)28.65 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 57.69 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.72 0.20 6 14 Ethylene C H 3.95 15.64 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)8.344 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 17.67 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.54 0.13 2 4 Propylene C H 3.15 23.83 (cid:5)10(cid:4)2 (cid:4)12.18 (cid:5)10(cid:4)5 24.62 (cid:5)10(cid:4)9 273–1500 0.73 0.17 3 6 Source:B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984). Used with permission. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 912 912 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm Freezing data Liquid properties Normal Latent heat of Latent heat Specific boiling vaporization Freezing of fusion Temperature, Density heat Substance point, °C h , kJ/kg point, °C h, kJ/kg °C r, kg/m3 c, kJ/kg·K fg if p Ammonia (cid:4)33.3 1357 (cid:4)77.7 322.4 (cid:4)33.3 682 4.43 (cid:4)20 665 4.52 0 639 4.60 25 602 4.80 Argon (cid:4)185.9 161.6 (cid:4)189.3 28 (cid:4)185.6 1394 1.14 Benzene 80.2 394 5.5 126 20 879 1.72 Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) 103.9 — (cid:4)17.4 — 20 1150 3.11 n-Butane (cid:4)0.5 385.2 (cid:4)138.5 80.3 (cid:4)0.5 601 2.31 Carbon dioxide (cid:4)78.4* 230.5 (at 0°C) (cid:4)56.6 0 298 0.59 Ethanol 78.2 838.3 (cid:4)114.2 109 25 783 2.46 Ethyl alcohol 78.6 855 (cid:4)156 108 20 789 2.84 Ethylene glycol 198.1 800.1 (cid:4)10.8 181.1 20 1109 2.84 Glycerine 179.9 974 18.9 200.6 20 1261 2.32 Helium (cid:4)268.9 22.8 — — (cid:4)268.9 146.2 22.8 Hydrogen (cid:4)252.8 445.7 (cid:4)259.2 59.5 (cid:4)252.8 70.7 10.0 Isobutane (cid:4)11.7 367.1 (cid:4)160 105.7 (cid:4)11.7 593.8 2.28 Kerosene 204–293 251 (cid:4)24.9 — 20 820 2.00 Mercury 356.7 294.7 (cid:4)38.9 11.4 25 13,560 0.139 Methane (cid:4)161.5 510.4 (cid:4)182.2 58.4 (cid:4)161.5 423 3.49 (cid:4)100 301 5.79 Methanol 64.5 1100 (cid:4)97.7 99.2 25 787 2.55 Nitrogen (cid:4)195.8 198.6 (cid:4)210 25.3 (cid:4)195.8 809 2.06 (cid:4)160 596 2.97 Octane 124.8 306.3 (cid:4)57.5 180.7 20 703 2.10 Oil (light) 25 910 1.80 Oxygen (cid:4)183 212.7 (cid:4)218.8 13.7 (cid:4)183 1141 1.71 Petroleum — 230–384 20 640 2.0 Propane (cid:4)42.1 427.8 (cid:4)187.7 80.0 (cid:4)42.1 581 2.25 0 529 2.53 50 449 3.13 Refrigerant-134a (cid:4)26.1 217.0 (cid:4)96.6 — (cid:4)50 1443 1.23 (cid:4)26.1 1374 1.27 0 1295 1.34 25 1207 1.43 Water 100 2257 0.0 333.7 0 1000 4.22 25 997 4.18 50 988 4.18 75 975 4.19 100 958 4.22 *Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of (cid:4)56.5°C.) cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 913 913 APPENDIX 1 TABLE A–3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (Concluded) (b) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Density, Specific heat, Density, Specific heat, Substance rkg/m3 c kJ/kg·K Substance rkg/m3 c kJ/kg·K p p Metals Nonmetals Aluminum Asphalt 2110 0.920 200 K 0.797 Brick, common 1922 0.79 250 K 0.859 Brick, fireclay (500°C) 2300 0.960 300 K 2,700 0.902 Concrete 2300 0.653 350 K 0.929 Clay 1000 0.920 400 K 0.949 Diamond 2420 0.616 450 K 0.973 Glass, window 2700 0.800 500 K 0.997 Glass, pyrex 2230 0.840 Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 8,280 0.400 Graphite 2500 0.711 2% Al) Granite 2700 1.017 Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 8,310 0.400 Gypsum or plaster board 800 1.09 35% Zn) Ice Copper 200 K 1.56 (cid:4)173°C 0.254 220 K 1.71 (cid:4)100°C 0.342 240 K 1.86 (cid:4)50°C 0.367 260 K 2.01 0°C 0.381 273 K 921 2.11 27°C 8,900 0.386 Limestone 1650 0.909 100°C 0.393 Marble 2600 0.880 200°C 0.403 Plywood (Douglas Fir) 545 1.21 Iron 7,840 0.45 Rubber (soft) 1100 1.840 Lead 11,310 0.128 Rubber (hard) 1150 2.009 Magnesium 1,730 1.000 Sand 1520 0.800 Nickel 8,890 0.440 Stone 1500 0.800 Silver 10,470 0.235 Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) 721 1.26 Steel, mild 7,830 0.500 Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.) 513 1.38 Tungsten 19,400 0.130 (c) Foods Specific heat, Specific heat, kJ/kg·K Latent kJ/kg·K Latent Water heat of Water heat of content, Freezing Above Below fusion, content, Freezing Above Below fusion, Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Food % (mass) point, °C freezing freezing kJ/kg Apples 84 (cid:4)1.1 3.65 1.90 281 Lettuce 95 (cid:4)0.2 4.02 2.04 317 Bananas 75 (cid:4)0.8 3.35 1.78 251 Milk, whole 88 (cid:4)0.6 3.79 1.95 294 Beef round 67 — 3.08 1.68 224 Oranges 87 (cid:4)0.8 3.75 1.94 291 Broccoli 90 (cid:4)0.6 3.86 1.97 301 Potatoes 78 (cid:4)0.6 3.45 1.82 261 Butter 16 — — 1.04 53 Salmon fish 64 (cid:4)2.2 2.98 1.65 214 Cheese, swiss 39 (cid:4)10.0 2.15 1.33 130 Shrimp 83 (cid:4)2.2 3.62 1.89 277 Cherries 80 (cid:4)1.8 3.52 1.85 267 Spinach 93 (cid:4)0.3 3.96 2.01 311 Chicken 74 (cid:4)2.8 3.32 1.77 247 Strawberries 90 (cid:4)0.8 3.86 1.97 301 Corn, sweet 74 (cid:4)0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Tomatoes, ripe 94 (cid:4)0.5 3.99 2.02 314 Eggs, whole 74 (cid:4)0.6 3.32 1.77 247 Turkey 64 — 2.98 1.65 214 Ice cream 63 (cid:4)5.6 2.95 1.63 210 Watermelon 93 (cid:4)0.4 3.96 2.01 311 Source:Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals,SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 914 914 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T°C P kPa v v u u u h h h s s s sat f g f fg g f fg g f fg g 0.01 0.6117 0.001000 206.00 0.000 2374.9 2374.9 0.001 2500.9 2500.9 0.0000 9.1556 9.1556 5 0.8725 0.001000 147.03 21.019 2360.8 2381.8 21.020 2489.1 2510.1 0.0763 8.9487 9.0249 10 1.2281 0.001000 106.32 42.020 2346.6 2388.7 42.022 2477.2 2519.2 0.1511 8.7488 8.8999 15 1.7057 0.001001 77.885 62.980 2332.5 2395.5 62.982 2465.4 2528.3 0.2245 8.5559 8.7803 20 2.3392 0.001002 57.762 83.913 2318.4 2402.3 83.915 2453.5 2537.4 0.2965 8.3696 8.6661 25 3.1698 0.001003 43.340 104.83 2304.3 2409.1 104.83 2441.7 2546.5 0.3672 8.1895 8.5567 30 4.2469 0.001004 32.879 125.73 2290.2 2415.9 125.74 2429.8 2555.6 0.4368 8.0152 8.4520 35 5.6291 0.001006 25.205 146.63 2276.0 2422.7 146.64 2417.9 2564.6 0.5051 7.8466 8.3517 40 7.3851 0.001008 19.515 167.53 2261.9 2429.4 167.53 2406.0 2573.5 0.5724 7.6832 8.2556 45 9.5953 0.001010 15.251 188.43 2247.7 2436.1 188.44 2394.0 2582.4 0.6386 7.5247 8.1633 50 12.352 0.001012 12.026 209.33 2233.4 2442.7 209.34 2382.0 2591.3 0.7038 7.3710 8.0748 55 15.763 0.001015 9.5639 230.24 2219.1 2449.3 230.26 2369.8 2600.1 0.7680 7.2218 7.9898 60 19.947 0.001017 7.6670 251.16 2204.7 2455.9 251.18 2357.7 2608.8 0.8313 7.0769 7.9082 65 25.043 0.001020 6.1935 272.09 2190.3 2462.4 272.12 2345.4 2617.5 0.8937 6.9360 7.8296 70 31.202 0.001023 5.0396 293.04 2175.8 2468.9 293.07 2333.0 2626.1 0.9551 6.7989 7.7540 75 38.597 0.001026 4.1291 313.99 2161.3 2475.3 314.03 2320.6 2634.6 1.0158 6.6655 7.6812 80 47.416 0.001029 3.4053 334.97 2146.6 2481.6 335.02 2308.0 2643.0 1.0756 6.5355 7.6111 85 57.868 0.001032 2.8261 355.96 2131.9 2487.8 356.02 2295.3 2651.4 1.1346 6.4089 7.5435 90 70.183 0.001036 2.3593 376.97 2117.0 2494.0 377.04 2282.5 2659.6 1.1929 6.2853 7.4782 95 84.609 0.001040 1.9808 398.00 2102.0 2500.1 398.09 2269.6 2667.6 1.2504 6.1647 7.4151 100 101.42 0.001043 1.6720 419.06 2087.0 2506.0 419.17 2256.4 2675.6 1.3072 6.0470 7.3542 105 120.90 0.001047 1.4186 440.15 2071.8 2511.9 440.28 2243.1 2683.4 1.3634 5.9319 7.2952 110 143.38 0.001052 1.2094 461.27 2056.4 2517.7 461.42 2229.7 2691.1 1.4188 5.8193 7.2382 115 169.18 0.001056 1.0360 482.42 2040.9 2523.3 482.59 2216.0 2698.6 1.4737 5.7092 7.1829 120 198.67 0.001060 0.89133 503.60 2025.3 2528.9 503.81 2202.1 2706.0 1.5279 5.6013 7.1292 125 232.23 0.001065 0.77012 524.83 2009.5 2534.3 525.07 2188.1 2713.1 1.5816 5.4956 7.0771 130 270.28 0.001070 0.66808 546.10 1993.4 2539.5 546.38 2173.7 2720.1 1.6346 5.3919 7.0265 135 313.22 0.001075 0.58179 567.41 1977.3 2544.7 567.75 2159.1 2726.9 1.6872 5.2901 6.9773 140 361.53 0.001080 0.50850 588.77 1960.9 2549.6 589.16 2144.3 2733.5 1.7392 5.1901 6.9294 145 415.68 0.001085 0.44600 610.19 1944.2 2554.4 610.64 2129.2 2739.8 1.7908 5.0919 6.8827 150 476.16 0.001091 0.39248 631.66 1927.4 2559.1 632.18 2113.8 2745.9 1.8418 4.9953 6.8371 155 543.49 0.001096 0.34648 653.19 1910.3 2563.5 653.79 2098.0 2751.8 1.8924 4.9002 6.7927 160 618.23 0.001102 0.30680 674.79 1893.0 2567.8 675.47 2082.0 2757.5 1.9426 4.8066 6.7492 165 700.93 0.001108 0.27244 696.46 1875.4 2571.9 697.24 2065.6 2762.8 1.9923 4.7143 6.7067 170 792.18 0.001114 0.24260 718.20 1857.5 2575.7 719.08 2048.8 2767.9 2.0417 4.6233 6.6650 175 892.60 0.001121 0.21659 740.02 1839.4 2579.4 741.02 2031.7 2772.7 2.0906 4.5335 6.6242 180 1002.8 0.001127 0.19384 761.92 1820.9 2582.8 763.05 2014.2 2777.2 2.1392 4.4448 6.5841 185 1123.5 0.001134 0.17390 783.91 1802.1 2586.0 785.19 1996.2 2781.4 2.1875 4.3572 6.5447 190 1255.2 0.001141 0.15636 806.00 1783.0 2589.0 807.43 1977.9 2785.3 2.2355 4.2705 6.5059 195 1398.8 0.001149 0.14089 828.18 1763.6 2591.7 829.78 1959.0 2788.8 2.2831 4.1847 6.4678 200 1554.9 0.001157 0.12721 850.46 1743.7 2594.2 852.26 1939.8 2792.0 2.3305 4.0997 6.4302 cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 915 915 APPENDIX 1 TABLE A–4 Saturated water—Temperature table (Concluded) Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Temp., press., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, T°C P kPa v v u u u h h h s s s sat f g f fg g f fg g f fg g 205 1724.3 0.001164 0.11508 872.86 1723.5 2596.4 874.87 1920.0 2794.8 2.3776 4.0154 6.3930 210 1907.7 0.001173 0.10429 895.38 1702.9 2598.3 897.61 1899.7 2797.3 2.4245 3.9318 6.3563 215 2105.9 0.001181 0.094680 918.02 1681.9 2599.9 920.50 1878.8 2799.3 2.4712 3.8489 6.3200 220 2319.6 0.001190 0.086094 940.79 1660.5 2601.3 943.55 1857.4 2801.0 2.5176 3.7664 6.2840 225 2549.7 0.001199 0.078405 963.70 1638.6 2602.3 966.76 1835.4 2802.2 2.5639 3.6844 6.2483 230 2797.1 0.001209 0.071505 986.76 1616.1 2602.9 990.14 1812.8 2802.9 2.6100 3.6028 6.2128 235 3062.6 0.001219 0.065300 1010.0 1593.2 2603.2 1013.7 1789.5 2803.2 2.6560 3.5216 6.1775 240 3347.0 0.001229 0.059707 1033.4 1569.8 2603.1 1037.5 1765.5 2803.0 2.7018 3.4405 6.1424 245 3651.2 0.001240 0.054656 1056.9 1545.7 2602.7 1061.5 1740.8 2802.2 2.7476 3.3596 6.1072 250 3976.2 0.001252 0.050085 1080.7 1521.1 2601.8 1085.7 1715.3 2801.0 2.7933 3.2788 6.0721 255 4322.9 0.001263 0.045941 1104.7 1495.8 2600.5 1110.1 1689.0 2799.1 2.8390 3.1979 6.0369 260 4692.3 0.001276 0.042175 1128.8 1469.9 2598.7 1134.8 1661.8 2796.6 2.8847 3.1169 6.0017 265 5085.3 0.001289 0.038748 1153.3 1443.2 2596.5 1159.8 1633.7 2793.5 2.9304 3.0358 5.9662 270 5503.0 0.001303 0.035622 1177.9 1415.7 2593.7 1185.1 1604.6 2789.7 2.9762 2.9542 5.9305 275 5946.4 0.001317 0.032767 1202.9 1387.4 2590.3 1210.7 1574.5 2785.2 3.0221 2.8723 5.8944 280 6416.6 0.001333 0.030153 1228.2 1358.2 2586.4 1236.7 1543.2 2779.9 3.0681 2.7898 5.8579 285 6914.6 0.001349 0.027756 1253.7 1328.1 2581.8 1263.1 1510.7 2773.7 3.1144 2.7066 5.8210 290 7441.8 0.001366 0.025554 1279.7 1296.9 2576.5 1289.8 1476.9 2766.7 3.1608 2.6225 5.7834 295 7999.0 0.001384 0.023528 1306.0 1264.5 2570.5 1317.1 1441.6 2758.7 3.2076 2.5374 5.7450 300 8587.9 0.001404 0.021659 1332.7 1230.9 2563.6 1344.8 1404.8 2749.6 3.2548 2.4511 5.7059 305 9209.4 0.001425 0.019932 1360.0 1195.9 2555.8 1373.1 1366.3 2739.4 3.3024 2.3633 5.6657 310 9865.0 0.001447 0.018333 1387.7 1159.3 2547.1 1402.0 1325.9 2727.9 3.3506 2.2737 5.6243 315 10,556 0.001472 0.016849 1416.1 1121.1 2537.2 1431.6 1283.4 2715.0 3.3994 2.1821 5.5816 320 11,284 0.001499 0.015470 1445.1 1080.9 2526.0 1462.0 1238.5 2700.6 3.4491 2.0881 5.5372 325 12,051 0.001528 0.014183 1475.0 1038.5 2513.4 1493.4 1191.0 2684.3 3.4998 1.9911 5.4908 330 12,858 0.001560 0.012979 1505.7 993.5 2499.2 1525.8 1140.3 2666.0 3.5516 1.8906 5.4422 335 13,707 0.001597 0.011848 1537.5 945.5 2483.0 1559.4 1086.0 2645.4 3.6050 1.7857 5.3907 340 14,601 0.001638 0.010783 1570.7 893.8 2464.5 1594.6 1027.4 2622.0 3.6602 1.6756 5.3358 345 15,541 0.001685 0.009772 1605.5 837.7 2443.2 1631.7 963.4 2595.1 3.7179 1.5585 5.2765 350 16,529 0.001741 0.008806 1642.4 775.9 2418.3 1671.2 892.7 2563.9 3.7788 1.4326 5.2114 355 17,570 0.001808 0.007872 1682.2 706.4 2388.6 1714.0 812.9 2526.9 3.8442 1.2942 5.1384 360 18,666 0.001895 0.006950 1726.2 625.7 2351.9 1761.5 720.1 2481.6 3.9165 1.1373 5.0537 365 19,822 0.002015 0.006009 1777.2 526.4 2303.6 1817.2 605.5 2422.7 4.0004 0.9489 4.9493 370 21,044 0.002217 0.004953 1844.5 385.6 2230.1 1891.2 443.1 2334.3 4.1119 0.6890 4.8009 373.95 22,064 0.003106 0.003106 2015.7 0 2015.7 2084.3 0 2084.3 4.4070 0 4.4070 Source:Tables A–4 through A–8 are generated using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. The routine used in calculations is the highly accurate Steam_IAPWS, which incorporates the 1995 Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, issued by The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS). This formulation replaces the 1984 formulation of Haar, Gallagher, and Kell (NBS/NRC Steam Tables, Hemisphere Publishing Co., 1984), which is also available in EES as the routine STEAM. The new formulation is based on the correlations of Saul and Wagner (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 16, 893, 1987) with modifica- tions to adjust to the International Temperature Scale of 1990. The modifications are described by Wagner and Pruss (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 22, 783, 1993). The properties of ice are based on Hyland and Wexler, “Formulations for the Thermodynamic Properties of the Saturated Phases of HO 2 from 173.15 K to 473.15 K,” ASHRAE Trans., Part 2A, Paper 2793, 1983. cen2932x_ch18-ap01_p907-956.qxd 12/18/09 10:05 AM Page 916 916 PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS TABLE A–5 Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, Internal energy, Enthalpy, Entropy, m3/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg·K Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Press., temp., liquid, vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, liquid, Evap., vapor, PkPa T °C v v u u u h h h s s s sat f g f fg g f fg g f fg g 1.0 6.97 0.001000 129.19 29.302 2355.2 2384.5 29.303 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749 1.5 13.02 0.001001 87.964 54.686 2338.1 2392.8 54.688 2470.1 2524.7 0.1956 8.6314 8.8270 2.0 17.50 0.001001 66.990 73.431 2325.5 2398.9 73.433 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227 2.5 21.08 0.001002 54.242 88.422 2315.4 2403.8 88.424 2451.0 2539.4 0.3118 8.3302 8.6421 3.0 24.08 0.001003 45.654 100.98 2306.9 2407.9 100.98 2443.9 2544.8 0.3543 8.2222 8.5765 4.0 28.96 0.001004 34.791 121.39 2293.1 2414.5 121.39 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4734 5.0 32.87 0.001005 28.185 137.75 2282.1 2419.8 137.75 2423.0 2560.7 0.4762 7.9176 8.3938 7.5 40.29 0.001008 19.233 168.74 2261.1 2429.8 168.75 2405.3 2574.0 0.5763 7.6738 8.2501 10 45.81 0.001010 14.670 191.79 2245.4 2437.2 191.81 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4996 8.1488 15 53.97 0.001014 10.020 225.93 2222.1 2448.0 225.94 2372.3 2598.3 0.7549 7.2522 8.0071 20 60.06 0.001017 7.6481 251.40 2204.6 2456.0 251.42 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0752 7.9073 25 64.96 0.001020 6.2034 271.93 2190.4 2462.4 271.96 2345.5 2617.5 0.8932 6.9370 7.8302 30 69.09 0.001022 5.2287 289.24 2178.5 2467.7 289.27 2335.3 2624.6 0.9441 6.8234 7.7675 40 75.86 0.001026 3.9933 317.58 2158.8 2476.3 317.62 2318.4 2636.1 1.0261 6.6430 7.6691 50 81.32 0.001030 3.2403 340.49 2142.7 2483.2 340.54 2304.7 2645.2 1.0912 6.5019 7.5931 75 91.76 0.001037 2.2172 384.36 2111.8 2496.1 384.44 2278.0 2662.4 1.2132 6.2426 7.4558 100 99.61 0.001043 1.6941 417.40 2088.2 2505.6 417.51 2257.5 2675.0 1.3028 6.0562 7.3589 101.325 99.97 0.001043 1.6734 418.95 2087.0 2506.0 419.06 2256.5 2675.6 1.3069 6.0476 7.3545 125 105.97 0.001048 1.3750 444.23 2068.8 2513.0 444.36 2240.6 2684.9 1.3741 5.9100 7.2841 150 111.35 0.001053 1.1594 466.97 2052.3 2519.2 467.13 2226.0 2693.1 1.4337 5.7894 7.2231 175 116.04 0.001057 1.0037 486.82 2037.7 2524.5 487.01 2213.1 2700.2 1.4850 5.6865 7.1716 200 120.21 0.001061 0.88578 504.50 2024.6 2529.1 504.71 2201.6 2706.3 1.5302 5.5968 7.1270 225 123.97 0.001064 0.79329 520.47 2012.7 2533.2 520.71 2191.0 2711.7 1.5706 5.5171 7.0877 250 127.41 0.001067 0.71873 535.08 2001.8 2536.8 535.35 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4453 7.0525 275 130.58 0.001070 0.65732 548.57 1991.6 2540.1 548.86 2172.0 2720.9 1.6408 5.3800 7.0207 300 133.52 0.001073 0.60582 561.11 1982.1 2543.2 561.43 2163.5 2724.9 1.6717 5.3200 6.9917 325 136.27 0.001076 0.56199 572.84 1973.1 2545.9 573.19 2155.4 2728.6 1.7005 5.2645 6.9650 350 138.86 0.001079 0.52422 583.89 1964.6 2548.5 584.26 2147.7 2732.0 1.7274 5.2128 6.9402 375 141.30 0.001081 0.49133 594.32 1956.6 2550.9 594.73 2140.4 2735.1 1.7526 5.1645 6.9171 400 143.61 0.001084 0.46242 604.22 1948.9 2553.1 604.66 2133.4 2738.1 1.7765 5.1191 6.8955 450 147.90 0.001088 0.41392 622.65 1934.5 2557.1 623.14 2120.3 2743.4 1.8205 5.0356 6.8561 500 151.83 0.001093 0.37483 639.54 1921.2 2560.7 640.09 2108.0 2748.1 1.8604 4.9603 6.8207 550 155.46 0.001097 0.34261 655.16 1908.8 2563.9 655.77 2096.6 2752.4 1.8970 4.8916 6.7886 600 158.83 0.001101 0.31560 669.72 1897.1 2566.8 670.38 2085.8 2756.2 1.9308 4.8285 6.7593 650 161.98 0.001104 0.29260 683.37 1886.1 2569.4 684.08 2075.5 2759.6 1.9623 4.7699 6.7322 700 164.95 0.001108 0.27278 696.23 1875.6 2571.8 697.00 2065.8 2762.8 1.9918 4.7153 6.7071 750 167.75 0.001111 0.25552 708.40 1865.6 2574.0 709.24 2056.4 2765.7 2.0195 4.6642 6.6837