Properties and Behavior of Polymers Volume 1 Properties and Behavior of Polymers Editorial Staff Vice President, STM Books: Janet Bailey Executive Editor: Arza Seidel Associate Developmental Editor: Erin Arndt Production Manager: Shirley Thomas Senior Production Editor: Kristen Parrish Illustration Manager: Dean Gonzalez Properties and Behavior of Polymers Volume 1 WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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TP1087.P76 2011 620.1'92-dc22 2010036822 Printed in Singapore 10 987654321 CONTENTS Volume 1 Acoustic Properties 1 Adhesion 46 Adsorption 85 Aging, Physical 102 Conformation and Configuration 130 Cryogenic Properties 144 Degradation 178 Depolymerization 227 Drag Reduction 253 Electrical Properties 297 Electrically Active Polymers 364 Fatigue 411 Flammability 465 Glass Transition 537 Hardness 566 Impact Resistance 579 Magnetic Polymers 614 Mechanical Performance of Plastics 628 Micromechanical Properties 663 Microstructure 696 Miscibility 713 Modeling of Polymer Processing and Properties 731 Volume 2 Networks, Elastomeric 757 Nonlinear Optical Properties 802 Optical Properties 856 Orientation 883 Photorefraction 909 Rheological Measurements 937 Scratch Behavior 1011 Self-Healing Polymers 1030 Solubility 1062 Surface Mechanical Damage and Wear 1098 Surface Properties 1124 Thermal Properties 1149 v Thermodynamic Properties 1186 Transitions and Relaxations 1229 Transport Properties 1269 Viscoelasticity 1359 Weathering 1454 Yield and Crazing 1484 Index 1539 vi PREFACE Owing to their versatility and wide range of applications, polymeric materials are of great commercial importance. The physical and chemical properties of polymeric materials influence their processing and use, so familiarity with the properties and behavior is not only interesting but also crucial to ensure proper utilization of such polymers. The two-volume set Properties and Behavior of Polymers offers over 40 self- contained articles written by prominent scholars from around the world. The arti- cles provide comprehensive, up-to-date information on the physical properties of polymers and the resulting characteristics and behavior, including viscoelasticity, flammability, miscibility, optical properties, surface properties and more. Containing carefully selected reprints from Wiley's renowned Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, this reference features the same breadth and quality of coverage and clarity of presentation found in the original. This reli- able reference will be of particular interest to polymers and materials scientists, chemists, chemical engineers, process engineers, students, researchers and edu- cators in related fields and consultants and suppliers in the plastic and related industries. vii