SUBJECT INDEX N-Acetylaspartate, in brain NMR spectroscopy 97 gonadal hormone regulation of synaptic Acetylcholine connectivity 281 GABA- induced release 453, 458 role of astroglia in synaptic remodelling 290 hippocampus, learning and memory 492 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Parkinson’s membrane potential of periaxonal glia 346 disease 145 muscie development 123, 128 Arterial chemoreceptors Acidosis, cerebral ischaemia 210 chemodenervation 203 Acromelic acid 386 sympathetic responses to stimulation 198 Actin, glia—axon exchange 363 Aspartate, hippocampus, learning and Active sleep 443 memory 493 Addiction, stereotypy and perseveration Astrocytes Adenosine, glutamate-induced release 455 gonadal steroids and morphology 283 Adenosine-3’ ,5’-monophosphate gonadal steroids and repair of brain injury 301 D2 receptor activation 167 trophic factor release and hormonal effects on electromagnetic field effects 540 synaptic plasticity 293 membrane potential in periaxonal glial cells 348 Astrogliosis, interleukins 410 model of calcium- and dopamine-sensitive Attention, effect of estradiol 58 pathways in striatum 177 Autism, stereotypy and perseveration 224 potassium homeostasis in periaxonal glial Autonomic function, effect of interleukins 418 cells 353 Axon-glia interactions, crayfish and squid 333-376 regulated phosphoprotein 174 anatomic relations 334 regulation and role of 172 electrical properties 341 Adenosine triphosphate, axon-glia exchange of molecules 360 interactions 359 functions 367 Adenylate cyclase ion homeostasis 354 model of calcium- and dopamine-sensitive metabolism 358 - activity 176 models of neuron-glia interactions 340 in striatum modulation of membrane potential 345 cyclic AMP regulation 172 potassium homeostasis 349 effect of dopamine 167, 173 Axonal guidance 249 Adrenal gland expression of cell adhesion molecules and effect of interleukins 411 extracellular matrix molecules in spinal neuronal labelling with HSV 46 interneurons 255, 259 Adrenal medulla, grafts in models of Parkinson’s floor plate 267 disease 320, 327 growth cone morphology 254 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, interleukin mechanisms of growth cone guidance 266 interaction 411, 413 Axonai outgrowth, spinal interneurons, chick Alzheimer’s disease 386 embryo 250 (-)deprenyl treatment 142 effect of surgical perturbation 265 mechanism of action 152 Axons, effect of sex steroids on length 285 tissue grafting 323 Amphetamine Baroreflex, brain-stem pathways 201 induced locomotor activation, effect of Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, effect of dopaminergic grafts 16 gonadal steroids 284 induced rotation Behaviour effect of dopaminergic neural grafts 14 effect of dopaminergic neural grafts 10, 14, 20 effect of estradiol 72 female sex steroids 56 induced stereotypy 225 effect of interleukins 420 1-Aminocyclopentane-1 ,3-dicarboxylic acid ischaemia, effect of chlormethiazole 468 receptors, in striatum 166 repetitive 221-231 a-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic 3a,5a-tetrahydroprogesterone 66 acid receptors, in striatum 166 Biomagnetism 517-601 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 386 calcium mobilization 562, 575 Androgens, neuron survival 284 cell membrane as target 536 Anisotrophy 526 localized models 549 Anorexia, interleukins 420 diamagnetic polarization and magnetic Anticonvulsant, progesterone 59 orientation of macromolecules and Anxiety, progesterone 59 membranes 526 Aortic chemoreceptors 198 electrical effects 522 Aortic depressor nerve, neuronal labelling with experimental observations 520 HSV 45 fertilization, embryogenesis and cell Arcuate nucleus proliferation 530 gender differences in neuronal membrane model of membrane behaviour, calcium structure 295 liberation 575 viii SUBJECT INDEX nervous system 562 Chloride orientation, homing and migratory membrane potential of periaxonal glia 345, 347 behaviour 524 permeability in squid and crayfish glial cells 351 Blood-brain barrier, interleukins 406 Chloride channel, modulation by Blood pressure, effect of interleukins 419 3a,5a-tetrahydroprogesterone 61 Body temperature Chlormethiazole interleukins and regulation of 413, 418 neuroprotective actions neuroprotection 466 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxicity 475 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 497 ‘Ecstacy’ neurotoxicity 474 mechanism of action in vitro 506 focal ischaemia 468 protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 global ischaemia 464 stimulation of dopaminergic differentiation in methamphetamine neurotoxicity 472 vitro 503 MPP* neurotoxicity 475 structure and function 498 pharmacology 476 Brain injury GABA interaction 476 gonadal hormones and neural remodelling 298 glutamate interaction 469, 470, 477 induction of interleukins 404 monoamine function 479 Brain ischaemia p-Chloroamphetamine neurotoxicity, effect of effect of chlormethiazole 464, 468 chlormethiazole 474 NMR spectroscopy 109 N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, B-Bungarotoxin, myotoxicity 123 protective effect of (-)deprenyl 149 ‘y-Butyrolactone, protection against ‘Ecstacy’ Cholecystokinin neurotoxicity 474 interleukin interaction 420 sex steroid interaction 284 N-Cadherin, expression in developing spinal Choline-containing compounds, in brain, NMR interneurons 265 spectroscopy 98 Calcineurin 172 Choline transporter, GABAergic terminals 454 Calcium Cholinergic agonists and antagonists, effect on K+ cerebral ischaemia 211 homeostasis in periaxonal glia 351 dopamine interaction in striatum 187 Cholinergic nerve endings, GABA effect of electromagnetic fields 529, 530, 546, transporters 453, 454, 457 549, 561, 562, 568, 575, 579, 587 Cholinergic neurons heterocarrier mediated neurotransmitter grafting, Alzheimer’s disease 324 release 459 in striatum, effect of dopamine neuron lesion and mobilization in response to hypoxia 208 dopaminergic grafts 12 sensitive pathways in striatum 168 Cholinergic system quantitative model 176 learning and memory 492 in striatum, effect of glutamate 166 membrane potential of periaxonal glial cells 346 Calcium channels, O,-sensitive 209 nerve growth factor 323 Calmodulin, sensitive pathways in striatum 168, grafting 324 171 Circadian rhythm, REM sleep 445 model 176 Circumferential pathway neurons (C-cells) Cancer, magnetic fields 530, 540 axonal outgrowth 250 Cardiovascular regulation, interleukins 419 effect of surgical perturbation 265 Carotic chemoreceptors 198 expression of cell adhesion molecules 260 Carrier-coexistence on nerve terminals 451-462 growth cone morphology 255 Cations, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 107 mechanism of guidance of growth cones 266 Caudal ventrolateral medulla, neuron labelling with B1-Class integrin, expression in developing spinal HSV 47 interneurons 265 Cavalieri estimator 238 Cognitive behaviour, female sex steroids 56 Cell adhesion molecules Cognitive deficits, (-)deprenyl treatment 142, 152 expression along pathway of spinal Commissural growth cones, morphology 255, 256 interneurons 255, 272 Confinement stereotypy 222 glial and synaptic plasticity 298 Cooperativity, electromagnetic fields 545, 547 induction by interleukins 410 Corticosterone, interleukin interaction 411 * Cell proliferation, magnetic fields 531 COSY 99 Cellular retinoic acid binding protein, in floor Crayfish plate 267, 273 axon-glia anatomic relationships 336 Cerebral blood flow, energy metabolism in electrical properties of periaxonal glia 341 brain 101, 109 giant nerve fibres as models of neuron-glia Cerebral ischaemic response 210 interactions 340 c-fos expression, effect of dopaminergic lesions and glia—axon exchange of molecules 360 grafts 13 metabolic interactions between axons and Chemoreceptors, arterial, sympathetic responses to glia 358 stimulation 198 modulation of membrane potential in periaxonal Chemoreflex, brain-stem pathways 201 glia 345 Chick embryo, axonal guidance of spinal perineurial glia and ion homeostasis 354 interneurons in spinal cord 249-278 perineurium 339 SUBJECT INDEX ix potassium homeostasis in nervous system 349 Dopamine tubular lattice 339 effect on adenylate cyclase in striatum 167, 173, Creatine, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 98 176 Creatine kinase, in brain in situ, NUR MAO-B substrate, Parkinson’s disease 144 spectroscopy 104 regulated phosphoprotein 174 Cyanide, effect on RVL-spinal vasomotor sensitive pathways in striatum 168 neurons 205 quantitative model 176 Cyclotron ionic resonance 553 stereotypy and Parkinson’s disease 225 Cytokines, expression and function in stereotypy in schizophrenia 223 brain 397-432 Dopamine receptors effect of lesions and neural grafts 10 in striatum 167 Dopamine transporter, GABAergic terminals 455 DARPP, in striatum 174, 181, 184 Dopaminergic and glutamatergic signal Delayed neuronal death, effect of integration 163-196 chlormethiazole 465 calcium- and dopamine-sensitive pathways in Dendrites, effect of sex steroids 285 striatum 168 Dendritic spines, effect of sex steroids 285 model 176 Density measures 233-247 convergence of afferents in striatum 164 estimating N, 239 postsynaptic effects of glutamate and tissue processing 236 dopamine 166 total reference volume 234, 238 reinforcement learning 188 volume changes and ratios derived from 237 striatal function and pathology 189 Dentate gyrus, sexually dimorphic synaptic synaptic plasticity 187 patterns 283 Dopaminergic neural grafts 1-35, 309 (-)Deprenyl augmentation through co-grafting 310, 326 mechanism of action behavioural effects 10, 14, 20 Alzheimer’s disease/cognitive deficits 152 intra-accumbens 16 depression 155 intrastriatal 14 lifespan/longevity 155 development and anatomical characteristics 4 Parkinson’s disease 144 lesion and grafting procedures 3 schizophrenia 156 mechanisms and determinants of functional therapeutic use recovery Alzheimer’s disease/cognitive deficits 142 dopamine reinnervation 17 depression 143 host status-neonatal grafts 21 longevity/lifespan 143 overshoot effect 19 Parkinson’s disease 142 synaptic or non-synaptic action 18 schizophrenia 143 Parkinson’s disease and primate models of 23 Depression physiological characteristics and regulation 8 (-)deprenyl treatment 143, 155 physiological effects of 9 REM sleep 443 Dopaminergic neurons Deprivation stereotypies 222 basic fibroblast growth factor 499 Development mechanism of action 506 axonal outgrowth of spinal interneurons 250 protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 surgical perturbation 265 stimulation of differentiation in vitro 503 cholinergic system and NGF 323 trophic effects in vivo 509 dopaminergic neural grafts 4, 21 brain-derived neurotrophic factor 498 expression of cell-adhesion molecules and mechanism of action 506 extracellular matrix molecules along spinal protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 interneurons 259 stimulation of differentiation in vitro 503 gonadal hormone regulation of synaptic trophic effects in vivo 507 plasticity 281 glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor 511 growth cone morphology 254 insulin-like growth factor 500 magnetic fields 531 protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 mechanism of guidance of growth cones 266 stimulation of differentiation in vitro 503 muscle 121 methamphetamine neurotoxicity, effect of neurotrophic factors 497-516 chlormethiazole 472 REM sleep 443 trkB 498 TNF expression in brain 404 Dopaminergic system, effect of estradiol 72 Diamagnetic polarization 526 Dopaminergic terminals, GABA transporters 455, Differential shrinkage/swelling 237 458 Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance Dorsolateral border cells, axonal outgrowth 266, imaging 111 273 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine neurotoxicity, effect of DV rotation, effect on axonal outgrowth of chlormethiazole 475 developing spinal inter-neurons 265 Dizocilpine, neuroprotection 466, 469, 474 Domoic acid 386 EAAC-1 383 L-DOPA + MAO-B inhibitors, in treatment of ‘Ecstasy’ neurotoxicity, effect of Parkinson’s disease 142 chlormethiazole 474 x SUBJECT INDEX Electromagnetic environmental pollution 519, 586 Female sex steroid hormones 55-86 Electromagnetic fields 518, 520 cellular mechanisms 60 cell membrane as target 536 CNS plasticity 72 localised models of interaction 549 estradio! 67 diamagnetic polarization and magnetic progesterone 60 orientation of macromolecules and 3a,5a-tetrahydroprogesterone 60 membranes 526 neuronal circuit analysis of effects 73 electrical losses and dielectric behaviour in cells origins and metabolism 60 and tissues 522 sensorimotor and cognitive actions fertilisation, embryogenesis and cell estradiol 56 proliferation 530 progesterone 58 free radical interactions 340 structural synaptic plasticity 280-302 glycocalyx 543 Fenfluramine, neurotoxicity, effect of nervous system effects 562 chlormethiazole 474 orientation, homing and migratory Fertilization, magnetic fields 530 behaviour 524 Fever, interleukins 413, 418 phospholipid bilayer 542 Fibroblast growth factor, basic Embryo, chick, axonal guidance of spinal functions 499 interneurons in spinal cord 249-278 muscle development 124 Embryogenesis, magnetic fields 531 protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 Embryonic dopamine neurons, grafting in animal stimulation of dopaminergic differentiation in models of Parkinson’s disease 310 vitro 503 Encephalopathy, NMR spectroscopy 111 Fibroblast growth factor receptors 500 Endothelial cells, effect of interleukins 410 Floor plate Endotoxin, cytokine induction 406 growth cone morphology 255, 258 Energy metabolism — cerebral blood flow 101 mechanism of guidance of growth cones 267, Energy metabolites, NMR spectroscopy in 268, 271 brain 94, 101 Flunarazine, neuroprotective activity 469 met-Enkephalin, in striatum, effect of lesions and Fodrin-like polypeptide, glia—axon exchange 363 dopaminergic neural grafts 11 Food intake, effect of interleukins 420 Environmentally-induced stereotypy 222 Free radical reactions, effect of magnetic Epilepsy fields 540 glutamate transporter 386 Frontal lobe neurons, stereotypy and NMR spectroscopy 112 perseveration 224 Erythrocytes, magnetosensitivity 529 F-spondin, secretion by floor plate 267 Estradiol CNS activator 56 CNS plasticity 72 G4, expression in developing spinal effect on GABA-progesterone interaction 65 interneurons 260 effect on glial cells 290 GABA induced neuro-glial plasticity 295 in brain, NMR spectroscopy 98 induced synaptic plasticity 281, 282 steroid interactions 60, 63 metabolism 60 GABA, receptor modulation of excitatory amino acid function 67 chlormethiazole interaction 476 neuronal current analysis 73 progesterone interaction 60 neuronal survival and morphology 284 GABA potentiating drugs, neuroprotective Estrous cycle activity 465 changes in motor coordination 58, 74 GABA transporter 384, 385 synaptic remodelling in arcuate nucleus 281 cholinergic axon terminals 453, 454 Excitatory amino acids dopaminergic terminals 455, 458 estradiol interactions 67 glutaminergic terminals 456 high affinity uptake system in brain 377-396 glycinergic terminals 456 hippocampus, learning and memory 493 noradrenergic terminals 455, 458 progesterone interactions 66 peptide-releasing terminals 455 Excitotoxicity 385 GABAergic synapses, estradiol induced * Exocytosis, neurotransmitter release 459 plasticity 282 Exocytosis—endocytosis, glia-axon exchange 366 GAP43 172 Extracellular matrix, role in perineural K+ Gap junctions, effect of sex steroids 286 transport 356 Gender Extracellular matrix molecules, expression along gonadal hormone regulation of synaptic pathway of spinal interneurons 265 connectivity 281 Extremely low frequency magnetic fields neuronal membrane ultrastructure 295 cell membranes as targets 536 Giant nerve fibre, squid and crayfish 336 localised models of interaction 549 models of neuron-glia interactions 340 electrical effects in cells and tissues 522, 531 GLAST-1 382, 383, 385 Eye, neuron labelling with HSV 46 Glia crayfish and squid F11, expression in developing spinal axon anatomic relationships 334 interneurons 260 axon exchange of molecules 360 SUBJECT INDEX xi axon metabolic interactions 358 model 176 electrical properties 341 convergence of afferents in striatum 164 function 366 postsynaptic effects of glutamate and ion homeostasis 354 dopamine 166 modulation of membrane potential 345 reinforcement learning 188 neuron interactions, intermediate giant nerve striatal function and pathology 189 fibres as models 340 synaptic plasticity 187 potassium homeostasis 349 Glutamatergic terminals, GABA transporter 456 vertebrate Glycine, chlormethiazole interaction 479 axon interactions 367 Glycine transporters cytokine production 404, 406 on GABA terminals 456 glutamate uptake 387 on glutamate terminals 456 gonadal hormones and synaptic Glycinergic terminals modulation 289, 301 GABA transporters on 456 effect of interleukins 410 glutamate transporters on 456 ion channels 368 Glycocalyx, effect of electromagnetic field 543 ligand receptors 369 Gonadal steroids neurotransmitter transporters 460 effect of interleukins 415 release of neuroactive substances 369 promoters of structural synaptic Glial cell line-derived growth factor 327 plasticity 279-307 effect on dopaminergic neurons 511 G protein, dopamine receptor coupling 167 Glial fibrillary acidic protein Grafting, neural 1-35 in arcuate nucleus, effect of sex steroids 290 augmentation through co-grafting 309-331 effect of (—)deprenyl on expression of 152 Growth cones, chick embryo spinal Glioma cells C6, co-grafting with adrenal cells 321 interneurons 250 Glomus cells, response to hypoxia 198, 208 mechanisms of guidance 266 GLT-1 382, 383, 384 morphology 254 Glucocorticoids, interleukin interaction 411 Growth factors Glucose, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 98, 102 effect on dopaminergic neurons in vitro 503 Glutamate effect on survival of grafted dopamine in brain, NMR spectroscopy 98 neurons 310, 321 : effect on calcium in striatum 166 Growth hormone chlormethiazole interaction 478 effect of interleukin on release 416 estradiol interaction 67, 68 sex steroid interaction 284 high affinity uptake system in brain 377-396 Growth hormone releasing hormone, sexual blocking of uptake 382 dimorphism 284 cloning of transporters 382 localisation of transporters 384, 388 Harmala alkaloids, Parkinson’s disease 142, 146 neurotransmitter transporter families 384 Heart, effect of interleukins 419 pathological importance 385 Helix aspersa, effect of static magnetic fields on purification of transporter 382 neurons 568, 573, 576 regulation 385 Herpes simplex virus, neuronal labelling 37-53 substrate selectivity 381 animals and injection procedures 38 hippocampus, learning and memory 493 immunohistochemical detection 38 hypoxic/ischaemic neuronal injury 211 immunoreactivity in brain 40-48 membrane potential of periaxonal glial cells 347 isolation and storage 38 neurotoxicity 386 ultrastructural localisation 45 potassium homeostasis in periaxonal glial vagus nerve 38 celis 353 Heterocarriers, neurotransmitter release 452-462 Glutamate-glutamine cycle 380 Hippocampus Glutamate receptors cholinergic system and NGF 323 invertebrate glial cells 347 GABA and choline transporters 454 striatum 166 learning and memory 485 Glutamate terminals, glycine transporters 456 acetylcholine 492 Glutamate transporter excitatory amino acids 493 cloning 382 long-term potentiation 488, 493 GABAergic terminals 456 memory indexing theory 491 glycinergic terminals 456 memory trace hypothesis 487 heterogeneity 382 selective lesions 486 localisation 384 spatial mapping theory 490 nucleotide-releasing terminals 455 ‘working memory’ theory 487 pathology 386 neuroprotective action of chlormethiazole 465 purification 382 sexually dimorphic synaptic patterns 283 regulation 385 Homing, biomagnetism 524 sodium dependent binding sites 387 Horseradish peroxidase, axon-to-glia transfer 365 Glutamatergic and dopaminergic signal 6-Hydroxydopamine integration 163-196 lesioned dopamine neurons, neural grafts 3 calcium- and dopamine-sensitive pathways in neurotoxicity, effect of brain-derived striatum 168 neurotrophic factor 504 xii SUBJECT INDEX protective effect of (-)deprenyl 149 Ischaemia, brain 5-Hydroxytryptamine, interleukin interaction 417 focal, effect of chlormethiazole 468 5-Hydroxytryptamine selective neurotoxins, global, effect of chlormethiazole 464 protective effects of chlormethiazole 474 NMR spectroscopy 109 Hyperammonaemia, NMR spectroscopy 111 Hypercapnia cerebral ischaemia 210 Lactate, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 98, 102, 110, 111 cerebral pH, NMR spectroscopy 106 Laminin, expression in developing spinal Hypothalamic-pituitary—adrenal axis, effect of interneurons 265 interleukins 411 Learning, hippocampus 485 Hypothalamic—pituitary—gonadal axis, effect of long-term potentiation 488, 493 interleukins 415 memory indexing theory 491 Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, effect of interleukins 416 memory trace hypothesis 487 neurotransmitters 492 Hypothalamus, gonadal hormone regulation of selective lesions 486 synaptic connectivity 281 spatial mapping theory 490 Hypothermia, neuroprotection 466 ‘working memory’ theory 487 Hypoxia, sympathoexcitation 197-219 arterial chemoreceptors 198 Leukemia, magnetic fields 530 central pathways 199 Leukocytes, effect of interleukins 409 Limb coordination, effect of estradiol 58, 74, 75 cerebral ischaemia 210 Lipopolysaccharide, cytokine induction in chemotransductive mechanism 208 brain 406 medullary neurons 207 model 213 Locomotor activity effect of dopaminergic lesions and grafts in RVL-spinal vasomotor neurons 200, 203 spinal cord neurons 208 nucleus accumbens 16 effect of estradiol 57 transmitters and chemoafferents 198 estrous cycle-associated changes 74 effect of interleukins 421 effects of ischaemia and chlormethiazole 468 Immune reactions, interleukins 409, 416 Inflammation, induction of interleukins in Locomotor stereotypes 222 brain 404 Longevity/life span, effect of (-)deprenyl 143, 155 Inositol phosphates, membrane potential in Long-term potentiation, hippocampus, learning and memory 488, 491, 493 periaxonal glial cells 349 Inositols, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 99 Lordosis behaviour, effect of Insulin-like growth factor-I 3a,5a-tetrahydroprogesterone 66 Luteinizing hormone, effect of interleukins 415 functions 500 gonadal hormone interaction 293 protection against neurotoxins in vitro 504 Magnesium, in brain, NMR spectroscopy 107 stimulation of dopaminergic differentiation in Magnetic orientation, macromolecules and vitro 503 membranes 526 Interleukins 1 and6 398 Magnetite 518, 524 effect on autoimmune function 418 Magnetobiology 519-601 effect on behaviour 420 Magnetoreception 524 blood-brain barrier 406 Major histocompatability complex, effect of gene expression in CNS 402 TNF 410 immune reactions 409, 416 MAP2 182 in vivo induction in brain 404 MARCKS 172 neuroendocrine effects 411 MDL 72, 974A 142 effect on neurotransmission and Medulla, sympathoexcitation by hypoxia 202 electrophysiological properties of Medullary pacemaker neurons, response to neurons 417 hypoxia 206, 207 receptors in CNS 407 Membrane potential, periaxonal glia 343 signal transduction 400 ionic basis 344 structure 399 modulation 345 synthesis and secretion 400 Membranes, electromagnetic field trophic functions 410 interactions 526, 536, 575 Interneurons, spinal, chick embryo Memory axonal outgrowths 250 effect of (-)deprenyl 143, 154 surgical perturbation 265 hippocampus 485 development of neurotransmitter specific indexing theory 491 cells 253 long-term potentiation 488, 491, 493 expression of cell adhesion molecules and memory trace hypothesis 487 extracellular matrix molecules 255 neurotransmitters 492 mechanisms of guidance of growth cones 266 selective lesions 486 Intramembrane particles, gender differences 295 spatial mapping theory 490 Ion channels, vertebrate glia 368 ‘working memory’ theory 487 Ion homeostasis, crayfish, role of perineural Mercury, glutamate neurotoxicity 386 glia 354 Mesotelencephalic dopamine pathway 3 ;; SuBJECT INDEX xiii Methamphetamine neurotoxicity, effect of Nerve growth factor receptors 498 chlormethiazole 472 Neural cell surface molecules, glial and synaptic (S)-(B-N-Methylamino)alanine 386 plasticity 298 N-Methyl-D-aspartate, estradiol interaction 68 Neural graft 1-35 N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor augmentation through co-grafting 309-331 chlormethiazole interaction 478 adrenal medulla cells 320 squid periaxonal glial cells 348 Alzheimer’s disease 322 striatum, activation by glutamate 166 embryonic striatum 310 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine nerve growth factor 321 neurotoxicity, effect of chlormethiazole 474 Parkinson’s disease 310, 320 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium neurotoxicity peripheral nerve 312 effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor 504, behavioural effects 14 509 clinical transplantation 24 effect of chlormethiazole 475 mechanisms and determinants of functional 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1 ,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, recovery 17 protective effect of (-)deprenyl 148 Parkinson’s disease 23 Microglia, cytokine production 404 physiological characteristics and regulation 8 Microtubule-associated proteins physiological effects 9 sex hormone interaction 285 Neural injury, effect of gonadal steroids 298 in striatum 175 Neurochemical density 233, 244 Migration, biomagnetism 524 Neurodegenerative disease, neural grafting 309 Monoamine oxidase-B, dopamine metabolism, Neuroepithelial cells Parkinson’s disease 144 N-cadherin expression 265 Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors neurofascin expression 260 mechanism of action 144 Neurofascin, expression in developing spinal treatment of neurologic and psychiatric interneurons 260 disorders 142 Neuro-glial plasticity, estradiol-induced 295 Monoamines, chlormethiazole interactions 479 Neurolathyrism 386 Monoamine system, estradiol interaction 72 Neuromodulin 172 Motivation, stereotypy 226 Neuronal density 233-244 Motoneurons, development 250 Neuronal growth, effect of interleukins 410 Motor coordination, estrous cycle-associated Neuronal membrane structure, gender changes 74 differences 295 Multiple sclerosis, NMR spectroscopy of brain Neuronal survival and morphology, gonadal lipids 99 hormone regulation 284 Muscle formation 120 Neuron-glia interactions, invertebrate giant nerve intrusive versus permissive regulation 135 fibres as models 340, 368, 370 myogenic regulation 130 Neuron labelling with herpes simplex virus 37-53 myotube and myoblast diversity 131 animals and injection procedures 38 neural regulation of development 121 immunoreactivity in brain 40-48 innervation and primary myogenesis 122 ultrastructural localisation 45 innervation and secondary myotube vagus nerve 38 formation 126 Neurons relationship between primary and secondary expression of interleukins 406 myotubes 129 effect of static magnetic fields 568 Myoblasts 120 Neuroprotection, chlormethiazole 463-484 diversity 131 Neurosteroids 60 induction 134 role in synaptic plasticity 294 Myogenesis 120 Neurotoxins, dopaminergic, effect of neurotrophic innervation 122 factors 505, 509 Myotubes Neurotransmission, effect of interleukins 417 degeneration 123 Neurotransmitters, hippocampus, learning and diversity 131 memory 492 formation 120, 122 Neurotransmitter transporters 384 innervation 122, 126 coexistence 451-462 neural regulation 133 Neurotrophic factors 497 size 125, 129 action on dopaminergic neurons in vitro 503 action on dopaminergic neurons in vivo 507 NADPH oxidase, O, sensor 209 interleukins 410 Narcolepsy, REM sleep 443 mechanism of action in CNS 498 Neonatal dopaminergic lesion and graft 21 Ng-CAM/G4, expression in developing spinal Nerve endings, carrier-coexistence 451-462 interneurons 260, 263 Nerve growth factor 497 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, glial cells, squid augmentation of adrenal grafts 321 and crayfish 346 induction by interleukins 410 NMR spectroscopy 88 neurotrophic molecule for cholinergic applications of multi-dimensional techniques in neurons 323 vivo 99 tissue grafting and regeneration of cholinergic brain disorders 109 neurons 324 brain metabolism 101 xiv SUBJECT INDEX cell, tissue and organ effects 529 pH, cerebral, NMR spectroscopy 106, 110 cerebral pH 106 2-Phenylethylamine, (—)deprenyl treatment in 'H spectrum 97 Parkinson’s disease 146 intracellular cations 107 Phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, effect of magnets for brain research 93 estradiol 71 31P spectrum 94 Phosphodiesterase, in striatum 173 quantification of resonance intensity 100 Phospholipid bilayer, effect of electromagnetic Nociception, effect of interleukins 421 fields 542 Noradrenaline, interleukin interaction 417 Phospholipids Noradrenergic terminals, GABA transporters 455, glia—axon exchange 363 458 NMR spectroscopy in brain 95 Nucleus accumbens, dopaminergic lesions and Phosphoproteins 171 grafts, behavioural effects 16 regulation 174 Nucleus tractus solitarii 199 Photochemical model of focal ischaemia 468 chemoflex sympathoexcitation 200 Pineal gland, magnetic field detection 525 Numerical density N, PK 11195, binding in brain, effects of ischaemia estimation 238, 239 and chlormethiazole 467 tissue processing 236 Plasticity, CNS, role of estrogens 72 Postsynaptic density proteins 286 | Obsessive—compulsive disorder, stereotypy and Potassium perseveration 224 in brain, NMR spectroscopy 108 | Octopamine receptors, squid glial cells 349 glutamate transport in brain 380 Oedema, ischaemia, effect of chlormethiazole 471 homeostasis in squid and crayfish nervous Olivo-cerebellar circuit, effect of estrous system 349 hormones 74 effect of cholinergic agonists and Orientation, magnetosensitivity 524 antagonists 351 Ornithine decarboxylase transgenic mice, NMR model 353 studies in brain 105 perineurium/periaxonal interaction 357 Ovarian cycle, synaptic remodelling in arcuate membrane potential in periaxonal glia 345, 346, nucleus 281 348 (S)-(B-N-Oxalylamino)alanine 386 in neurons, effect of static magnetic fields 570 Oxygen consumption, axon-glia interactions 358 transport in invertebrate nerve fibres 341 Oxygen metabolism in brain in vivo, NMR Potassium channels spectroscopy 103 invertebrate perineurial 356 Oxygen-sensitive channels 209 O,-sensitive 209 Oxygen sensors, RVL-spinal vasomotor vertebrate glia 368 neurons 203 Pregnenolone Oxytocin, effect of interleukins on release 415 CNS actions 67 synaptic plasticity 295 Pain, interleukins 421 Premenstrual syndrome, progesterone 59 Paralysis, myotubes 123 Preoptic area, sexually dimorphic nucleus 284 Parathyroid hormone, magnetic field Primative longitudinal cells (PL-cells) interactions 540 axonal outgrowth 250 Parkinson’s disease expression of cell adhesion molecules 260 (-)deprenyl in treatment 142 mechanism of guidance of growth cones 272 neuroprotective effect 148 Progesterone symptomatic effect 144 actions at GABA, receptor 60 dopaminergic neural grafts 23, 24 CNS depressant 58 augmentation through co-grafting 310, 326 excitatory amino acid interactions 66 glutamatergic and dopaminergic signal metabolism 60 integration 189 neuronal circuit analysis 73 grafts of adrenal medulla in animal models 320 Protein effect of neurotrophic factors on dopaminergic in brain, NMR spectroscopy 99 neurons 507 glia—axon exchange 361, 363, 364 stereotypy and perseveration 224 Protein kinase II 182 Peptide-releasing terminals, GABA phosphorylation and autophosphorylation transporters 455 171 ' Perforated synapses 286 Protein kinase A, in striatum 173, 179, 184 Perineurium, crayfish 339 Protein kinase C_ 172 electrical properties 355 electromagnetic field effects 540 ion homeostasis 354 Protein phosphatase 1 171, 182, 184 Peripheral nerve Protein phosphatase 2A 171 co-grafting with adrenal medulla cells 321 Protein phosphatase 2B 172 co-grafting with dopamine neurons 312 DARPP 175 Perseverative behaviour 221 MAP2 175 clinical forms 223 Pseudorabes, uptake and transport by peripheral neuroanatomy 226 nerves 51 pharmacology 225 Purkinje cells, effect of female sex steroids 66, 68, psychological theories 226 70, 74 SUBJECT INDEX xv RC rotation, effect on axonal outgrowth of Sleep developing chick interneurons 266 non-REM, effect of interleukins 421 Reinforcement learning, glutamatergic and REM dopaminergic interactions in striatum 188 circadian control 445 REM sleep early development 443 circadian control 445 function 433 early development 443 homeostatic model of regulation 435 function 433 effect of interleukins 421 homeostatic model of regulation 435 narcolepsy and depression 442 narcolepsy and depression 442 oscillatory vs homeostatic control of oscillatory vs homeostatic control of expression 434 expression 434 relationship with non-REM sieep and relationship with non-REM sleep and waking 439 waking 439 total sleep deprivation 439 total sleep deprivation 439 Social exploration, effect of interleukins 421 Repetitive behaviour 221-231 Sodium Representation, stereotypy and perseveration 228 in brain, NMR spectroscopy 108 Reproductive functions, effect of interleukins 415 glutamate transport in brain 380, 387 Respiratory neurons, effect of hypoxia 207 membrane potential of periaxonal glia 345 Response competition, stereotypy and Sodium/potassium transport, axon-glia perseveration 226 interactions 360 Retinoic acid, in floor plate 267, 273 Somatostatin releasing terminals, GABA Ro 19-6327 142, 147 transporter 455 Ro 40-7592 146 Spatial mapping theory, memory 490 Rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus, Spinal cord sympathoexcitation by hypoxia 198, 200 early development patterns and mechanisms of Rostral ventrolateral reticular nucleus —- spinal axonal guidance of spinal vasomotor neurons 200 interneurons 249-278 cardiovascular adjustments to hypoxia 213 effect of hypoxia on neurons 208 central oxygen detectors 202 Spinal interneurons, chick embryo chemotransductive mechanism 208 axonal outgrowths 250 sympathetic excitation elicited by cerebral surgical perturbation 265 ischaemia 210 development of neurotransmitter specific Rotational behaviour cells 253 effect of dopaminergic neural grafts 14, 21 expression of cell adhesion molecules and effect of estradiol 72 extracellular matrix molecules 255 mechanisms of guidance of growth cones 266 Satellite cells, muscle formation 132 rostral vs caudal projection 273 Schizophrenia Squid (-)deprenyl treatment 143, 156 axon-glia anatomic relationships 336 stereotypy and perseveration 223 electrical properties of periaxonal glia 341 Schwann cells giant nerve fibres as models of neuron-glia co-grafting with dopamine neurons 213, 326 interactions 340 squid and crayfish, membrane potential 343, glia—axon exchange of molecules 360 344 metabolic interactions between axons and Seizures glia 358 anticonvulsant properties of progesterone 59 modulation of membrane potential in periaxonal proconvulsant effect of estradiol 57 glia 345 Sensorimotor behaviour, female sex steroids 56 perineurial glia and ion homeostasis 354 Sensory perception, effect of estradiol 58 potassium homeostasis in nervous system 349 Sex steroids 55-86 tubular lattice 339 cellular mechanisms 60 Static magentic fields 520, 521, 586 CNS plasticity 72 cell membrane as target 536 estradiol 67 interaction with biological systems 529, 531 > progesterone 60 nervous system 562 3a,5a-tetrahydroprogesterone 60 model of membrane behaviour, Ca2+ neuronal circuit analysis of effects 73 liberation 575 origins and metabolism 60 Stereotropism 249, 250 sensorimotor and cognitive actions Stereotyped behaviour 221 estradiol 56 clinical forms 223 progesterone 58 environmentally-induced 222 synaptic plasticity 280 motivational aspects 226 Sexual differences, locomotor activity of neuroanatomy 226 estradiol 58 pharmacology 225 Sexual dimorphism, synaptic 280, 281 psychological theories 226 Signal transduction, interleukins 400 Steroid-GABA interactions 60, 63 Skeletal muscle formation 120 Steroids, female, origin and metabolism 60 myogenic regulation 130 Stress, interleukins 411, 415 neural regulation 121 Stress proteins, glia—axon exchange 363 xvi SUBJECT INDEX Striatum Thyroid gland, effect of interleukins 416 dopaminergic neural grafts and behaviour 14 Tissue processing, effect on density measures 236 dopaminergic neural grafts and transmitter Total reference volume 234, 238 metabolism 11 Total sleep deprivation 439 glutamatergic and dopaminergic signal Tourette’s syndrome, stereotypy and integration 163-196 perseveration 224 Stroke Transferred glial polypeptides 363 neuroprotective action of chlormethiazole 464 Transforming growth factor-a, gonadal hormone pharmacology in vivo assessed by NMR_ 110 interaction 293 Submaxillary gland, grafting, NGF and cholinergic Transgenic animals, cerebral metabolism, NMR regeneration 324 spectroscopy 105 Substance P Transneuronal labelling, HSV 37-53 chick embryo spinal interneurons 253 trkA 498 sex steroid interaction 284 trkB 499 Superdiamagnetism 529 Trophic factors, interleukins 410 Superior cervical ganglion, neuron labelling with Tubular lattice 339 HSV 46 Tumour necrosis factor 398 Superoxide dismutase, (—)deprenyl and effect on autonomic function 418 neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease 150 effect on behaviour 420 Supervisory Attentional System 227 blood-brain barrier 406 Sympathetic neurons, excitation by gene expression 404 hypoxis 197-219 immune reactions 409 Synaptic density 233-244 neuroendocrine effects 411 Synaptic plasticity 279 effect on neurotransmitter release 418 glutamatergic and dopaminergic interactions in receptors in CNS 407 striatum 187 signal transduction 401 gonadal hormone regulation of 280 structure 399 arcuate nucleus 281 synthesis and secretion 400 brain repair 298 trophic functions 410 cellular mechanisms 283 Tyrosine hydroxylase, in dopaminergic neurons, glial cells 289 effect of neurotrophic factors 503 membrane recognition 295 Tyrosine protein kinases, brain-derived neuronal survival and morphology 284 neurotrophic factor receptor 499 Synaptosomes, carrier-coexistence 453 Vagus nerve, transneuronal transport of HSV 38, TAG-1-like molecule, expression in developing 45, 47 spinal interneurons 260, 272 Vasopressin, effect of interleukins on release 415 Tanycytes, hormonal effects on synaptic -Vinyl GABA, neuroprotective activity 466 plasticity 293 Volition, psychopathology 227 3a,5a-Tetrahydroprogesterone action at GABA, receptor 60, 76 behavioural actions 66 Waking, REM and non-REM sleep 434 Tetrodotoxin, muscle development 128 Thrombotic stroke, photochemical model 468 Zone of polarizing activity 267