CONTENTS FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF HIPPOCAMPAL SEIZURES E. W. LOTHMAN, E. H. BERTRAM III and J. L. STRINGER, Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. SPINAL RESPIRATORY MOTONEURONS R. MONTEAU and G. HILAIRE, Biologie des Rythmes et du Développement, Département de Physiologie et Neurophysiologie (URA CNRS 0205), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques St. Jerome, 13397 Marseille, France NON-SYNAPTIC INTERACTIONS AT PRESYNAPTIC LEVEL E. S. VIZI* and E. LABOSf, *Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1450 Budapest, PO Box 67, Hungary. tlst Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University Medical School, H-1094 Budapest, Tuzolto str. 58, Hungary THE MUSCLES AND JOINTS OF THE NECK: THEIR SPECIALISATION AND ROLE IN HEAD MOVEMENT M. B. DUTIA, Department of Physiology, Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, U.K. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROMODULATORS IN THE INSECT VISUAL SYSTEM D. R. NASSEL, Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden THE CONTROL OF NEURONAL Ca?*+ HOMEOSTASIS R. J. MILLER, Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, 947 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A. THE USE OF THE CARP RETINA IN NEUROBIOLOGY: ITS UNIQUENESS AND APPLICATION FOR NEURAL NETWORK ANALYSES OF THE INNER RETINA S. KATO, K. NEGISHI, T. TERANISHI and S. ISHITA, Department of Neurophysiology, Neuroinformation Research Institute (NIRI), University of Kanazawa School of Medicine, Kanazawa 920, Japan DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBELLUM AND ITS EXTRACELLULAR PURKINJE CELL PROJECTION IN TELEOST FISHES AS DETERMINED BY ZEBRIN II IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY M. J. LANNOO*, L. ROSS*, L.M ALER{ and R. HAWKESt, *Muncie Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School of Medicine, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, U.S.A. {Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8MS, Canada. {Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada BRAIN ACTIVITY PATTERNS: ASSESSMENT BY HIGH RESOLUTION AUTORADIO- GRAPHIC IMAGING OF RADIOLABELED 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE AND GLUCOSE UPTAKE G. E. DUNCAN*} and W. E. STUMPF*, Brain and Development Research Center and Departmients of *Cell Biology and Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, U.S.A. GENERALIZATION AND SPECIALIZATION IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS S. HAMPSON, Department of Information and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92717, U.S.A. STEREOLOGY: A METHOD FOR ANALYZING IMAGES J.-P. ROYET, Laboratoire de Physiologie Neurosensorielle, Université Claude-Bernard, 69622 Villeurbanne, Cedex, France CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS IN MAMMALIAN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD N. J. WOOLF, Laboratory of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1563, U.S.A. ‘iv CONTENTS NEURITE GROWTH FROM, AND NEURONAL SURVIVAL WITHIN, CULTURED EXPLANTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MORPHOMETRIC AND STEREOLOGICAL METHODS, AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE D. E. OORSCHOT, D. A. PETERSON and D. G. JONES, Department of Anatomy and the Neuroscience Centre, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand INDEX Abdominal muscles 93 Breathing 85 afferent nerve fibres 106, 126 Bulbospinal neurons, respiration 95 motoneurons 94 afferents to output neurons 104 Acetylcholine central respiratory drive to 109 dopamine modulation of 151 efferent pathways 101 insect visual system 186, 236 patterns of discharge 98 Acetylcholine receptor, insect visual system 186 relationship with other medullary respiratory Acetylcholinesterase, insect visual system 186, 188 neurons 106 Adaptive origin placement 399 Adenosine, epilepsy 59 Ca?2+-Adenosine triphosphatase 268 Caffeine, Ca2+ release from endoplasmic Adenosine triphosphate, calcium homeostasis 257, reticulum 264, 267, 268 259, 264, 273 Calbindin 270 Adhesion molecules, cholinergic cells 512 Calciosome 267 Adipokinetic hormone, insect visual system 225 Calcium, changes with seizures 9 Amacrine cells Calcium, neuronal homeostasis 255-285 carp retina 300, 309, 311-313, 323 binding proteins 270 insect visual system 188, 206, 211, 215, 236 endoplasmic reticulum 259, 264 Amino acid transmitters, insect visual system 190 IP; induced release 269 a-Aminoadipic acid, effect on fish retina 317 mitochondria 256 ‘y-Aminobutyric acid plasma membrane 273 carp retina 306, 309, 313 Calcium pumps 264, 276 epilepsy 9, 64, 70 Calmodulin 270, 277 insect visual system 190 Calretinin 270 role in inhibition of inspiratory Carbamazepine motoneurons 120 effect on kindled seizures 32 Ammon’s horn effect on rapidly recurring hippocampal anatomy 13 seizures 38 connectivity 16, 17 Cardiovascular afferents 105 seizures induced from 40 Carp retina 287-327 Amygdala, kindling 30 development 313 Anisotropy 467, 533 dopamine interplexiform cells 290 Artificial Intelligence 393 germinal cells 290 Artificial neural networks 383-431 horizontal layer cells 289 learning and using specific instances 400 pharmacology 305 node structure and training 384 physiology, photic stimuli 290 perceptron training 389, 394 regeneration 317 Associability 417, 418 rod and cone system 289 Associative learning 404, 409 Categorization models 403, 406 cholinergic neurons 516 Caudate—putamen complex, cholinergic cells in 491 Autoradiographic imaging Cavalieri estimator 445, 534 2-deoxyglucose 365-382 Cell culture 525 stereology 467 Cerebellum, development, teleost fish 329-363 Axial pump 85 compartmentation 330 cryoprotection 332, 346 evolution 361 BSO/GAP-43 540 zebrin II immunocytochemistry 330, 332, 335, Baclofen, effect on epileptogenesis 65, 67 346 Basal forebrain, cholinergic neurons 477, 491 Cerebellum, neuronal survival in explant Behaviour, role of cholinergic systems 512 cultures 527 Benzodiazepines, effect on kindled seizures 32 Cerebral cortex, neuronal survival in explants 530 Bicuculline, effect on epileptogenesis 65, 67 Cervical respiratory interneurons 114 Biogenic amines, in insect visual system 194 Cervico-collic reflexes 165 Bipolar cells, carp retina 296, 310, 312 Cervico-ocular reflexes 166 1,2-Bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N’, c-fos gene expression, as function indicator 376 N-tetraacetic acid 272 Cholecystokinin 215 Blocking 389 Choline acetyltransferase Boolean operator structure and training 409 immunopositive neuruns in brain 477, 478 Bovine pancreatic polypeptide 215 in insect visual system 186, 188 Brain, volume estimation 445, 446 Cholinergic circuits in insect visual system 188 Brain activity patterns, 2-deoxyglucose uptake Cholinergic-dopaminergic interactions, presynaptic 365-382 151 vi INDEX Cholinergic neurons, mammalian brain and spinal Dopaminergic—opiate interactions 155 cord 475-524 Drosophila, neurotransmitters in visual system 186 afferent projections to 482 Drosulfakins 216 basal forebrain 491 behaviour and cognition 512 connections of 484 Electrosensory lateral line lobe 331 diencephalic 494 ELISA, neurite growth 540 distribution 477 Emetic centres, effect on respiratory motoneurons global organisation 509, 516 130 medullary 506 Endoplasmic reticulum, neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis morphological characteristics 483 motor neurons 506 Entorhinal cortex 14 pontomesencephalic 503 connectivity 15, 17 striatal 484 Epilepsy 2 trophic factors 511 dentate gyrus 48 Cholinergic—noradrenergic interactions, presynaptic experimental animals 38 148 focal 5 Cholinergic terminal fields 481 functional anatomy of limbic seizures 21 Circadian control of visual sensitivity, insects 213 GABA-mediated inhibition 64 Circadian oscillators, insects 229 hippocampal-parahippocampal loop 66 Classical conditioning hippocampus 18 cholinergic neurons 517 kindling 26 models 388, 390, 393 mechanisms of genesis 9 Cognition, role of cholinergic systems 516 pharmacological agents 31 Compartmentalisation, neck muscles 169 temporal lobe 26 Compartmentation, cerebellum 330 Error driven focusing 413, 416 Compound eye 179, 180 Evolution, fish 361 Configural learning 408, 410 Excitatory amino acids, role in inspiratory Continuous hippocampal simulation 33, 36, 48 motoneurons 121 induced SSLSE 45 Expiratory bulbospinal neurons 96, 97, 100, 103, Cranial nerve nuclei, cholinergic motor 107 neurons 506 Explant cultures Cryoprotection 332, 346 neurite growth 526 Cypriniformes 335, 342 neuronal survival 527 Eye, insects 180 Eye stabilizing reflexes 165 Declarative learning 406 Dendritic field, geometric analysis 467 Density, stereology 437, 451 Feature associability 414 neurons 531, 533 Dentate gyrus Fish, cerebellum development 329-363 Fish retina 287-327 anatomy 13 autoradiographic imaging 367 development 313 dopamine interplexiform cells 290 connectivity 16 hippocampal epileptogenesis 48, 66 germinal cells 290 horizontal cell layers 289 2-Deoxyglucose, high resolution autoradiographic imaging 365-382 pharmacology 305 Development physiology, photic stimuli 290 fish cerebellum 329-363 regeneration 317 fish retina 313 rod and cone system 289 insect peptide-containing neurons 229 Flashbulb memory 401 Diaphragm Fly, neurotransmitters in visual system 179-254 afferents 124 FMRFamide-related peptides, insect visual electrical properties of motoneurons 88 system 213, 237 muscle 85 Focal epilepsy nerve supply 86 mechanisms of epileptogenesis 9 pattern of discharge 86 models 5 phrenic motoneuron pool 87 seizure generation and propagation 5 Diencephalon, cholinergic neurons in 481, 494 Focusing 400, 412, 413, 416 Disjunctive Normal Form 409 Disjunctive representation 411 Dopamine Galanin, insects 226 carp retina 306, 313 Ganglion cells, carp retina 304, 309 insect visual system 203 GAP-43 277, 540 Dopamine interplexiform cells, carp retina 290, Generalisation vs specific instance learning 402 306, 313, 323 Germinal cells, fish retina 290, 314, 317 Dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions, presynaptic Gliotoxin, retinal toxicity 317 1 Glucose, autoradiographic imaging 366, 367, 368 Glutamate methodology 182 insect visual system 194, 237 octopamine 212 photoreceptor transmitter in carp retina 305, organisation 180 309, 313 putative neuroactive substances in 185 Glutamatergic transmission, drug effects on synaptic modulation and modulatory pathways kindling 32 241 Granule cells, generators of maximal dentate taurine 194 activation 50 Inspiratory bulbospinal neurons 95, 96, 99, 102, Growth models 467 Gymnotiforms, development of cerebellum 331, Intercostal muscles 88 332, 335 afferent nerve fibres 105, 125 drive to motoneurons 112 nerve supply 91 Habituation 389 motoneurons 91 Head movement, neck muscles and joints 165-178 IP; receptors, Ca2+ homeostasis 267, 269 Hierarchical sampling 438 Islands of Calleja, cholinergic interneurons 484 High resolution autoradiographic imaging 365-382 Isocitrate dehydrogenase, neurite growth 539 Hippocampus Isotropic uniform random section 438, 532 anatomy 10 autoradiographic imaging 367 cellular and synaptic aspects of seizures 46 Kainic acid, induced hippocampal seizures 38, 58 cholinergic terminals 492 Kindling connectivity 14 amygdala 30 dentate gyrus 48 critical centres 28 epileptogenicity 18, 64 hippocampus 30 focal epilepsy 5 model of chronic limbic epilepsy 26 focusing 402 pharmacological agents 31 kindling 26, 30 limbic seizures 21 pharmacological agents and kindling 31 Lamellar organisation, hippocampus 15 rapidly recurring seizures 33 Lamina, neurotransmitters and chemical circuitry seizures in experimental animals 38 in 234 temporal lobe epilepsy 26 Laminin, effect on retinal neurite growth 528 Histamine, insect visual system 211 Latent inhibition model 415 Holmes effect 448, 456, 531 Lateral line system 331 Horizontal cells, fish retina 289, 290, 305, 310 Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, cholinergic cells Horizontal diagonal band nucleus, cholinergic cells in 502, 505 in 492, 497 Learning, cholinergic neurons 516 Hydra head activator peptide 229 Levator costae muscles 92 6-Hydroxydopamine, effect on fish retina 317, afferents 126 318, 323 Limbic seizures 5-Hydroxytryptamine functional anatomy 21 insect visual system 195, 236 kindling 26 respiratory motoneurons 119 Linear Threshold Unit 384, 416 Hypothalamus alternative models 391 cholinergic cells in 494, 496, 501 continuous features and certainty 392 2-deoxyglucose and glucose uptake in response to excitation, inhibition and facilitation 393 water deprivation 368 focusing 400 neuronal survival in explants 529 input order 390 learning and using specific instances 400 node structure 384 Image analysis, stereology 468 node training 387 Immunocytochemistry perceptron training 389, 394, 402, 407, 416 fish cerebellum 332 prototypic classification 387 localisation of non-neurotransmitter Lobula, neurotransmitters in 238 antigens 229 Longterm potentiation, Ca2+ homeostasis 262 Input driven learning 413 Input-specific feature associability 414, 416 Insect visual system 179-254 Magnocellular neurons, effects of water deprivation acetylcholine 186 3 chemical neuroanatomy and circuits 233 Magnocellular preoptic area, cholinergic cells dopamine 203 in GABA 190 Maximal dentate activation 49 glutamate 194 antiepileptic drugs 55 histamine 211 effect of GABAergic agents 65, 67 5-hydroxytryptamine 195 generation and quantification 50 immunocytochemical localisation of non- kindling 51 neurotransmitter antigens 229 neuromodulators 59 Vili NMDA receptor 56 dopamine 203 Medial habenula, cholinergic cells in 503 GABA 190 Medial septal nucleus, cholinergic cells 491, 495 glutamate 194, 237 Medullary cholinergic cells 506 histamine 211 Medullary respiratory neurons 95, 106 5-hydroxytryptamine 195, 236 Melatonin, insects 230 in lamina 234 Metabolic mapping, 2-deoxyglucose 365-382 in lobula complex 238 N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor in medulla 237 Ca2+ homeostasis 272 neuropeptides 213, 237, 241 fish retina 313 octopamine 212 maximal dentate activation 56 synaptic modulation 241 role in inspiratory motoneurons 121 taurine 194 role in kindling 32 Neurotransmitters, non-synaptic release sites 147 Midectosylvian gyrus, cholinergic fibres in Neurotransmitters, spinal respiratory motoneurons Mitochondria, neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis 118 MK0801, maximal dentate activation 58 Nicotinic receptor, insect visual system 187 Morphometry 433-474, 525-546 Node structure 384 Motoneurons, spinal respiratory 83-144 Node training 387 abdominal muscles 93 Non-synaptic interactions at presynaptic level central respiratory drive to 109 145-163 diaphragm 85 Noradrenaline interactions with homonymous motoneurons 122 non-synaptic release sites 147 muscle afferent effects 124 role in kindling 32 neurotransmitters involved 188 Noradrenaline neurons 386 output neurons of respiratory centres 95 Noradrenergic-cholinergic interactions, supraspinal influences 127 non-synaptic 148 thorax, intercostal muscles 88 Nucleator 532 thorax, levator costae muscles 92 Nucleus accumbens, cholinergic cells in 484 Motor behaviour, cholinergic connectivity 514 Nucleus ansa lenticularis, cholinergic cells in 493 Motor neurons, cholinergic 506 Nucleus basalis, cholinergic cells in 493 Muscle Numerical density 437, 451, 535 head-neck movement 168 sensory innervation of the neck 172 Octopamine, insect visual system 212 Olfactory tubercle, cholinergic interneurons 484 NAD+-isocitrate dehydrogenase 259 Operator training 411 Nearest Neighbor 406 Opiate, effect on dopaminergic terminals in Neck, head movement 165-178 striatum 155 muscle 168 Optical disector 534 proprioceptive sensory innervation 172 Nerve growth factor receptors, cholinergic Optic lobe, insects 180 acetylcholine 188 cells 511 dopamine 204 Nerve terminals in motor nuclei 119 GABA 190 Neural learning, perceptron training 389 glutamate 194 Neural networks, artificial 383-431 Neurite growth, organ and explant cultures 526, 5-hydroxytryptamine 196 immunocytochemical localization of non- 528, 537, 539 neurotransmitter antigens 229 Neurokinin A, insects 226, 237 neuropeptides 213 Neuromodulators, insect visual system 180, 185 octopamine 212 dopamine 206 synaptic modulation 241 octopamine 212 synaptic modulation 241 Optokinetic reflexes 165, 166 Organ cultures Neuronal density measurement 531, 533 neurite growth 526 Neuronal modelling 467 neuronal survival 527 Neuronal survival, explant cultures Organ volume, stereology 445 cerebellar slices 527 cerebral cortex 530 Osmotic stress, hypothalamus 368 hypothalamus 529 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase 259 retina 528 spinal cord 530 Neuronal survival, organ cultures 527, 530 Pain detector 389 Neurons, Ca2+ homeostasis 255-285 Parabigeminal nucleus, cholinergic cells in 505 Neuropeptides, insect visual system 182, 185, 213, Paroxysmal depolarising shift 6 237, 241 Particle number estimation 451 Neurotransmitters, artificial neural networks 386 Particle volume 532 Neurotransmitters, carp retina 305, 313 Parvalbumin 270 Neurotransmitters, insect visual system 182, 185 Pattern association 404 acetylcholine 186, 236 Pattern description 404 INDEX Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, cholinergic muscle afferent effects 124 cells in 502, 503 neurotransmitters involved 188 Perceptron training 388, 402, 416 output neurons of respiratory centres 95 adaptive origin placement 399 supraspinal influences 127 input order 390 thorax, intercostal muscles 88 neural mechanisms for 389 thorax, levator costae muscles 92 output-specific feature associability 397 Retina as a simple brain 287 pattern association 405 Retina, carp 287-327 time complexity 394 development 313 Phenytoin dopamine interplexiform cells 290 effect on kindled seizures 32 germinal cells 290 effect on rapidly recurring hippocampal horizontal layer cells 289 seizures 37 pharmacology 305 Photic pathways, insects 243 physiology, photic stimuli 290 Photoreceptors, carp retina 290 regeneration 317 Photoreceptors, insects 180, 234 rods and cone system 289 histamine in 211 Retina, neuronal survival in explants 528 taurine in 194 Retina, neurotransmitters 179 Phrenic motoneurons 87 Rod and cone system, carp retina 289, 310 drive to 109 Ryanodine 264 neurotransmitters involved 119 recurrent inhibition 123 response to cortical stimulation 127 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ homeostasis 264 Phrenic nerve Seizures 2 afferent fibres 105 cellular and synaptic aspects 46 respiration 86 dentate gyrus 48 Pigment dispersing hormone-like peptide, insect experimental animals 38 visual system 225, 237 focal epilepsy 5 Plasma membrane, neuronal Ca2+ hippocampal-parahippocampal loop 66 homeostasis 273 hippocampus 18, 33 Plasticity control systems 388 kindling 26 Point counting methods 440, 533 limbic 21 Point-sampled intercept 532, 533 pharmacologic agents 31 Pontomesencephalic cholinergic cells 503 Self-sustaining limbic status epilepticus 33, 45 Positron emission tomography 5 Sensitization 389 functional anatomy in partial seizures 24 Shared memory focusing 412 Potassium, changes with seizures 9 Signal processing, insect visual system 179 Prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, cholinergic cells Siluriformes 335, 342 in 506 Simulation of neural networks 383-431 Presynaptic receptors, non-synaptic Single proton emission computerized interactions 146 tomography 5 Probability 436 Size distribution 452 Proctolin, insect visual system 225 Sleep—wake states Proprioception, sensory innervation of the cholinergic neurons 513 neck 172 respiratory patterns 127 Prototypic classification 387, 417 Small cardioactive peptide 215, 216 Pulmonary afferents 104 Sodium/calcium exchange 273, 274 Purkinje cell, fish cerebellum 331, 335, 346 Specific Instance Detectors 400, 403, 405, 406, Pyruvate dehydrogenase 259 415, 416 Specific instance learning 400, 402, 403 Sphere size 452, 532 Quadratic Threshold Unit 391 Spinal cord cholinergic cells in 509 neuronal survival in explants 530 Radial pump 85 Spinal interneurons Rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures 32, 46, 64, lower cervical respiratory interneurons 116 70 thoracic interneurons 117 effect of pharmacological agents 37 upper cervical inspiratory interneurons 114 Recurrent inhibition, respiratory motoneurons 122 Spinal respiratory motoneurons 83-144 Regeneration, fish retina 317 abdsminal muscles 93 Remote receptors 148 central respiratory drive to 109 Rescorla—Wagner learning 388, 393, 398, 417 diaphragm 85 Resolution, stereology 451 interactions with homonymous motoneurons 122 Respiratory motoneurons 83-144 muscle afferent effects 124 abdominal muscles 93 neurotransmitters involved 118 central respiratory drive to 109 output neurons of respiratory centres 95 diaphragm 85 supraspinal influences 127 interactions with homonymous motoneurons 122 thorax, intercostal muscles 88 thorax, levator costae muscles 92 levator costae 92 S-potential, carp retina 290 motoneurons 9i, 92 Stereology 433-474 Trisynaptic pathway 14, 16 definitions and concepts 435 Tyrosine hydroxylase, insect visual system 205 density 437 developments in 467 dimensional instability of tissues 450, 536 Vasopressin-like peptide, insects 225 morphometry 467 Vertebral column, head stabilization and neuronal survival in organ and explant movement 166 cultures 531 Vertical diagonal band nucleus, cholinergic cells notion of resolution 451 in 491, 495 numerical density and size of particles 451 Vestibulo-collic reflexes 165 sampling procedures 438, 536 Vestibulo-ocular reflex 166 section thickness 448 Visual system, insects 179-254 volumetric aspects 445 acetylcholine 186 Stimulus learning 403 chemical neuroanatomy and circuits 233 Striatum dopamine 203 cholinergic neurons in 477, 484 GABA 190 dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions 151 glutamate 194 Subicular complex 14 histamine 211 connectivity 17 5-hydroxytryptamine 195 Substance P, insects 216, 225 immunocytochemical localization of non- Substantia innominata, cholinergic cells in 493, neurotransmitter antigens 229 499 methodology 182 Superior cervical ganglion organ cultures, neuronal neuropeptides 213 survival 530 octopamine 212 Superior laryngeal nerve afferents 105 organisation 180 Surface density 437, 537 putative neuroactive substances in NS_ 185 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