S P O R T , H I S T O R Y A N D C U L T U R E While the relationship between amateurism and sport is well docu- mented, the impact of this ethos on the professional coaches and trainers who directed and supported elite sporting performance has been entirely overlooked. This book explores the foundations of coach- ing and training practices and chronicles how traditional approaches D a to performance preparation evolved during the nineteenth century. v e Drawing on primary material to uncover the life courses of coaches and D a their families, the author argues that approaches to coaching replicated y the traditional craft approach to skilled work. The advent of centralized, • amateur-controlled governing bodies of sport created a significant shift P r o in the coaching environment for professional coaches, meaning that f e individuals had to adapt to the master–servant relationship preferred by ss i o the middle classes. Cultural differences in the value accorded to coaching n a also contributed to a decline in the competitiveness of British athletes l s , in the international arena. The author concludes by arguing that despite A m scientific advances, Edwardian coaching practices remained reliant on a t long-established training principles and that coaching practices in any e u r period are inevitably an amalgamation of both tradition and innovation. s a Professionals, Amateurs n d P e and Performance r f o r m a Dave Day is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Exercise and Sports n c Science at Manchester Metropolitan University where his work focuses e Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914 on the historical development of coaching and training practices as well as the lives of those individuals who acted as coaches and trainers. Dave Day ISBN 978-3-0343-0824-3 www.peterlang.com Peter Lang S P O R T , H I S T O R Y A N D C U L T U R E While the relationship between amateurism and sport is well docu- mented, the impact of this ethos on the professional coaches and trainers who directed and supported elite sporting performance has been entirely overlooked. This book explores the foundations of coach- ing and training practices and chronicles how traditional approaches D a to performance preparation evolved during the nineteenth century. v e Drawing on primary material to uncover the life courses of coaches and D a their families, the author argues that approaches to coaching replicated y the traditional craft approach to skilled work. The advent of centralized, • amateur-controlled governing bodies of sport created a significant shift P r o in the coaching environment for professional coaches, meaning that f e individuals had to adapt to the master–servant relationship preferred by ss i o the middle classes. Cultural differences in the value accorded to coaching n a also contributed to a decline in the competitiveness of British athletes l s , in the international arena. The author concludes by arguing that despite A m scientific advances, Edwardian coaching practices remained reliant on a t long-established training principles and that coaching practices in any e u r period are inevitably an amalgamation of both tradition and innovation. s a Professionals, Amateurs n d P e and Performance r f o r m a Dave Day is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Exercise and Sports n c Science at Manchester Metropolitan University where his work focuses e Sports Coaching in England, 1789–1914 on the historical development of coaching and training practices as well as the lives of those individuals who acted as coaches and trainers. Dave Day ISBN 978-3-0343-0824-3 www.peterlang.com Peter Lang Professionals, Amateurs and Performance Sport, History and Culture Edited by Professor Richard Holt Professor Matthew Taylor International Centre for Sports History and Culture De Montfort University, Leicester Vol. 3 PETER LANG Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien Professionals, Amateurs and Performance Sports Coaching in England, 1789 –1914 Dave Day PETER LANG Oxford • Bern • Berlin • Bruxelles • Frankfurt am Main • New York • Wien Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Day, David, 1949- Professionals, amateurs and performance : sports coaching in England, 1789-1914 / Dave Day. p. cm. -- (Sports, history and culture 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-0343-0824-3 (alk. paper) 1. Coaching (Athletics)--England--History. 2. Coaches (Athletics(--England--History. I. Title. GV711.D38 2012 796.07’70941--dc23 2012031009 Cover picture: 1908 and 1912 British Olympic team swimming trainer Walter Brickett with swimmer Belle White (reproduced courtesy of the Brickett family papers) ISSN 1664-1906 ISBN 978-3-0343-0824-3 (print) ISBN 978-3-0353-0371-1 (eBook) © Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2012 Hochfeldstrasse 32, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland [email protected], www.peterlang.com, www.peterlang.net All rights reserved. All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. Printed in Germany Frontispiece: 1908 and 1912 British Olympic team swimming trainer Walter Brickett with swimmer Belle White (reproduced courtesy of the Brickett family papers) Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Coaching and Training in the Eighteenth Century 17 Chapter 2 A Changing Environment: Amateurism and Coaching Practice 55 Chapter 3 Coaching Communities and ‘Know-How’ 85 Chapter 4 ‘Science’, ‘Pluck’ and ‘Wind’: Training the Athlete 113 Chapter 5 Steaks, Stout and Stimulants: Fuelling the Athlete 143 Chapter 6 The International Dimension 173 Chapter 7 ‘A Won derfully Fast Stroke…But Too Exhausting’: Coaching and Competitive Swimming 209 Chapter 8 Coaching Lives: Continuity and Change 249 viii Sources and Bibliography 267 Index 291