Proceedings of the 43rd INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE May 10, 11, 12, 1988 Proceedings of the 43rd INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE May 10, 11, 12, 1988 Purdue University xi • 0 West Lafayette, Indiana 01' The Purdue Industrial Waste Conference is under the direction of: The School of Civil Engineering Continuing Education, Purdue University in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management Indiana Department of Natural Resources Indiana Environmental Management Board Indiana Section of American Society of Civil Engineers Indiana Section of the American Water Works Association Indiana State Board of Health Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board Indiana Water Pollution Control Association CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1989 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1989 by Purdue Research Foundation CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89691-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07601-2 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE The 43rd Industrial Waste Conference was sponsored by the School of Civil Engineering of Purdue University. Ninety-four technical papers were presented during the three days of the conference. Five papers were presented but not submitted for publication. The papers are divided into the following eight major sections: Toxic and Hazardous Wastes, Site Remediation, Landfills, Biological Systems, Sorptive Processes, Processes and Product Develop- ment, Industrial Wastes, and Laws, Regulations, and Training. As indicated in the Table of Contents, numerous papers at this year's conference dealt with the topics of LANDFILLS (Section 3), BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (Section 4), PROCESSES AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT (Section 6), and specific INDUSTRIAL WASTES (Section 7). The conference keynote speaker was James R. Elder, Director, Office of Water Enforcement and Permits, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Mr. Elder presented numerous up-to-date statistics concerning EPA's water enforcement regulations. At the luncheon on Tuesday, Mr. Paul P. Stewart, Attorney, Rivkin, Radler, Dunne, & Bayh, Uniondale, New York presented a paper entitled: "The Scene of the Accident: Forensic Engineering in Hazardous Waste Litigation." This paper is included herein. A quartet, called "Tony Zamora's Jazz Quartet," from Lafayette, Indiana, entertained the audience with various musical selections at the conference banquet on Wednesday evening. In addition, Mr. Ray Standish, Albuquerque, New Mexico, gave an interesting talk entitled: "Einstein, Relativity, and All That Jazz." At the end of this proceedings is a comprehensive 10-year index (current and previous volumes). This index is cross-referenced by author and various subjects for the utility of the reader. The efforts of all who gave freely of their time toward the success of the 43rd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference are gratefully acknowledged. JOHN M. BELL, Editor Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering School of Civil Engineering Purdue University CONTENTS Section One. Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 1. Toxicity Reduction —Have the Bugs Had It? by W. W. Eckenfelder, Jr. (cid:9)1 2. Study of Toxic Compounds in River Bottoms at Metropolitan Areas, by V. Keramida, T. Renner, and B. Neilson (cid:9)7 3. PAC Biotreatment of Hazardous Compounds from an Integrated Oil Refinery, by N. Galil and M. Rebhun (cid:9)19 4. Development of a Computerized Model for Waste Reduction Alternatives, by C.D. Miller, D.L. Thomas, C.A. Washburn, F. Brookfield, and D.D. Kraybill (cid:9)29 5. A Respirometric Method for Biokinetic Characterization of Toxic Wastes, by A.F. Gaudy, Jr., A. Ekambaram, and A.F. Rozich (cid:9)35 6. Innovative Process for Treatment of Sulfuric Acid Waste Liquids with Recovery of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate, by B. Asano and I.M. Olper (cid:9)45 7. Determination of Toxicity Thresholds of Industrial Wastestreams to Activated Sludge Process Using Fed Batch Reactor, by J. Patoczka, G. W. Pulliam, and G.L. Chowning (cid:9)51 Section Two. Site Remediation 8. Use of a Batch Asphalt Plant for Remediation of Soils Contaminated by Volatile Organic Compounds, by L.C. Trick, M.A. Kuehl, and R.M. Uschan (cid:9)61 9. Biodegradation of Styrene in Soil, by P.D. Kuhlmeier (cid:9)67 10. Effect of Bacteria Addition on Biodegradation of Toluene in Subsurface Soils, by W.S. Farmer, K.G. Robinson, and J.T. Novak (cid:9)75 11. In Situ Vitrification Applications to Hazardous Wastes, by S.C. Lukala (cid:9)83 12. Removal and Treatment of Dissolved and Floating Organic Compounds in a Contaminated Groundwater, by D.E. Strang, S.S. Tawney, and T.F. Klumpp (cid:9)87 13. The First SITE Field Evaluation, by R. Funderburk (cid:9)97 14. Volatilization of Perchloroethylene from Stagnant Water and Soil, by R.G. Zytner, N. Biswas, and J.K. Bewtra (cid:9)101 Section Three. Landfills—A. General 15. Preparing a Remedial Design for Cleanup of the New Lyme Superfund Site, by D. W.R. Shultz and R.J. Curnyn (cid:9) 109 16. Sorption Processes of Bentonite with Liquid Organics, by A.M. Rodrigo and P.C. Chan (cid:9)115 17. Design Considerations for a Wisconsin Paper Mill Landfill, by E.L. Fisher and G.T. Griffith (cid:9)123 18. Long-Term Compatibility Study of a Treated Bentonite/Soil Liner with a Heavy Metal Sludge, by J.T. Olsta (cid:9)137 19. Field Measurement of Landfill Clay Liner Permeability, by R. Edwards and D.C. Yacko (cid:9) 141 20. Characterization and Evaluation of Environmental Hazards in a Large Metropolitan Landfill, by W. V. Black, D.S. Kosson, and R.C. Ahlert (cid:9)147 21. The Effects of Mass Transfer on Landfill Stabilization Rates, by J.J. Noble, T. Nunez-McNally, and B. Tansel (cid:9) 153 vii Section Three. Landfills—B. Leachate 22. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Unsaturated Pore Water and Leachate at a Dry Fly Ash Disposal Site, by T.L. Theis, J.A. Ripp, and J.F. Villaume (cid:9)161 23. Evaluation of Leachate Monitoring Data from Co-Disposal, Hazardous, and Sanitary Waste Disposal Facilities, by A.D. Levine and L.R. Rear (cid:9)173 24. Preliminary Assessment of a Microfiltration/Reverse Osmosis Process for the Treatment of Landfill Leachate, by T.A. Krug and S. McDougall (cid:9)185 25. A Comparison of Glucose and Methanol as Carbon Sources for Denitrification in Biological Treatment of Leachate, by R. Manoharan, S. Liptak, P. Parkinson, D. Mavinic, and C. W. Randall (cid:9) 195 26. Stormwater Runoff Control: An Operational Difficulty for Aboveground Industrial Waste Landfill, by G. Selvakumar and M.S. Quinn (cid:9) 203 Section Three. Landfills—C. Gases 27. A Methodology for Assessing the Sorption Phenomena of Trace Organic Compounds Found in Landfill Gas, by L. Stiegler, M. Stallard, R. Lang, and G. Tchobanoglous (cid:9)213 28. Subsurface Landfill Gas Migration: A Case History of an Air Injection System for Migration Control, by E.R. Peterson, P.J. Carrico, and J.M. Smithberger (cid:9) 221 29. A Study of the Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Found in Landfill Gas, by T.A. Herrera, R. Lang, and G. Tchobanoglous (cid:9) 229 30. Control of Methane from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills by Injection of Lime and Flyash, by R.N. Kinman, J. Rickabaugh, M. Lambert, and D. L. Nutini (cid:9) 239 Section Four. Biological Systems—A. General 31. Degradation of Acetonitrile by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, by M. Nawaz, J.D. Richardson, K.D. Chapatwala, and J.H. Wolfram (cid:9) 251 32. Kinetics-Dynamics of Biodegradation of Potentially Toxic Organic Chemicals, by W.J. Maier (cid:9) 257 33. Principles of Organism Selection for the Degradation of Glyphosate in a Sequencing Batch Reactor, by D. VS. Murthy, R.L. Irvine, and L.E. Haiku (cid:9) 267 34. Removal of Organic Compounds by Microbial Biomass, by A. Selvakumar and H.-N. Hsieh (cid:9) 275 Section Four. Biological Systems—B. Aerobic 35. Biological Treatment of Chlorinated Phenols Using a Rotating Biological Contactor, by R.Y. Tokuz (cid:9) 283 36. Removal of Phenol in Mixed Substrate Form by a Fixed Film Process, by S. Faghani-Shoja, B.A. DeVantier, B.T. Ray, and E.E. Cook (cid:9) 291 37. Adaptation and Deadaptation Kinetics of Activated Sludge, by PR. Senthilnathan and J.J. Ganczarczyk (cid:9) 301 38. Heavy Metal Inhibition of Resting Nitrifying Bacteria, by A.M. Ibrahim (cid:9)309 39. The Influence of Operational Conditiohs on the Variability of Activated Sludge Settling Characteristics at Functioning Treatment Plants, by J.W. Morris, H.G. Tozer, and L.A. Batchelder Adams (cid:9) 313 Section Four. Biological Systems—C. Anaerobic 40. Improved Anaerobic Digestion with Low Level Chemical Pretreatment, by R. V. Rajan, J.-G. Lin, and B.T. Ray (cid:9) 327 41. Low Temperature Kinetics of Anaerobic Fixed Film Reactors, by E.L. Stover and R. Gonzalez (cid:9) 339 VIII 42. Determination of Acetoclastic Methanogenic Activity in Anaerobic Systems, by C.F. Chiang and R.R. Dague (cid:9) 353 43. The Response of a Butyrate-Fed Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor to Transient Loadings, by F. Labib, J.F. Ferguson, and M.M. Benjamin (cid:9) 363 Section Five. Sorption Processes 44. Propylene Dichloride (PDC) Removal from Wastewater with Amberlite XAD-4, by J.M. Ragosta (cid:9) 371 45. Adsorptive Removal of Trace Elements from Coal Fly-Ash Wastewaters onto Iron Oxyhydroxide, by A.R. Appleton, Jr., C. Papelis, and J.O. Leckie (cid:9) 375 46. New Approaches to Treatment of Metal-Bearing Wastes, by M. Edwards, M. Benjamin, and J. Ferguson (cid:9) 389 47. Sorption of Selected Organic Pollutants by Fly Ash, by K. Banerjee, P. Y. Horng, P.N. Cheremisinoff, M.S. Sheih, and S.L. Cheng (cid:9) 397 Section Six. Processes and Product Development 48. Ammonia Removal from Wastewater by Steam Stripping: A Process Evaluation, by G.B. Wickramanayake, S. Khabiri, and E.A. Voudrias (cid:9) 407 49. The Application of Membrane Separation Technologies to Industrial Processes, by P.S. Cartwright (cid:9) 415 50. Design of an Expert System for Early Environmental Assessment of Manufacturing Processes, by E.S. Venkataramani, G. Bamopoulos, A.L. Forman, and S. Bacher (cid:9) 425 51. Coalescence/Filtration of Water-in-oil Emulsions, by T. Viraraghavan, H.K. Henning, F. Moufits, and R. Ranganathan (cid:9) 435 52. Ultraviolet Peroxidation: An Alternative Treatment Method for Organic Contamination Destruction in Aqueous Waste Streams, by K. W. Yost (cid:9) 441 53. Ammonia Removal Allows Effluent Reuse at Fish Hatchery Using Fluidized Bed Reactors, by D.E. Owsley, J.S. Jeris, and R. Owens (cid:9) 449 54. A Novel Approach to Simplified Respirometric Oxygen Demand Determinations, by F. Cadena, A. Drohobyczer, M.I. Beach, and D. Barnes (cid:9) 459 55. Coupled Biological Downflow Fluid Bed Reactor Treatment of Synfuels Wastewater, by C.D. Turner, C.S. Ong, and J.R. Gallagher (cid:9) 469 56. The Deep Shaft Biological Treatment Process, by P.G. Daly and C.C. Shen (cid:9) 479 Section Seven. Industrial Wastes—A. Electronic Mfg. Wastes 57. Using a Waste Audit Approach to Determine Waste Management Alternatives at a Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Plant, by R.C. Harries, K.C. Bradley, and D. Gardiner (cid:9) 489 58. Treatment of Plating Wastewater Without Sludge, by D.M. Boyd and R.J. Fulk (cid:9) 499 59. A Unique Method for Precipitating Ceramic and Metal Complex Waste Produced in Manufacturing Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, by A. Yato, D.M. Reeser, and P.E. McPherson (cid:9) 505 Section Seven. Industrial Wastes—B. Food Wastes 60. Thermophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Coffee Wastewater, by J. Lanting, J.A. Jordan, M. T. Schone, A. Kull, W. W. Carey, and B.L. Kitney (cid:9) 513 61. Anaerobic Treatment of Winery Wastewaters, by J.K. Farmer, A.A. Friedman, and W.C. Hazen (cid:9) 525 ix