Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations, University of St. Andrews, UK Editorial Board: Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey, Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK; A.J.R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; Vivienne Jabri, King’s College London, UK; Edward Newman, University of Birmingham, UK; Sorpong Peou, Sophia University, Japan; Caroline Kennedy- Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; Professor Michael Pugh, University of Bradford, UK; Chandra Sriram, University of East London, UK; Ian Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK; R.B.J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; Andrew Williams, University of St. Andrews, UK. Titles include: Roland Bleiker AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS Morgan Brigg THE NEW POLITICS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Responding to Difference Susanne Buckley-Zistel CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN UGANDA Remembering after Violence Karina Z. Butler A CRITICAL HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION APPROACH Henry F. Carey PRIVATIZING THE DEMOCRATIC PEACE Policy Dilemmas of NGO Peacebuilding Jason Franks RETHINKING THE ROOTS OF TERRORISM Sarah Holt AID, PEACEBUILDING AND THE RESURGENCE OF WAR Buying Time in Sri Lanka Vivienne Jabri WAR AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF GLOBAL POLITICS James Ker-Lindsay EU ACCESSION AND UN PEACEMAKING IN CYPRUS Roger Mac Ginty INTERNATIONAL PEACEBUILDING AND LOCAL RESISTANCE Hybrid Forms of Peace NO WAR, NO PEACE The Rejuvenation of Stalled Peace Processes and Peace Accords Carol McQueen HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION AND SAFETY ZONES Iraq, Bosnia and Rwanda Audra L. Mitchell LOST IN TRANSFORMATION Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland Sorpong Peou INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRACY ASSISTANCE FOR PEACEBUILDING Cambodia and Beyond Sergei Prozorov UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND THE EU The Limits of Integration Oliver P. Richmond THE TRANSFORMATION OF PEACE Oliver P. Richmond and Audra Mitchell (editors) HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism Bahar Rumelili CONSTRUCTING REGIONAL COMMUNITY AND ORDER IN EUROPE AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Chandra Lekha Sriram PEACE AS GOVERNANCE Power-Sharing, Armed Groups and Contemporary Peace Negotiations Stephan Stetter WORLD SOCIETY AND THE MIDDLE EAST Reconstructions in Regional Politics Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9575–9 (hardback) & 978–1–4039–9576–6 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Privatizing the Democratic Peace Policy Dilemmas of NGO Peacebuilding Henry F. Carey Associate Professor of Political Science, Department of Political Science, Georgia State University, USA © Henry F. Carey 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-4039-9688-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-54586-5 ISBN 978-0-230-35573-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230355736 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 In Memory of Victor H. Frank, Jr. (1927–2010) and John Carey, Jr. (1955–2011). As this book was completed, my younger brother passed away. Felled by the debilitating illness of schizophrenia as a young adult, he nevertheless persevered in his idealistic work as a committed pacifist and peacemaker. His extraordinary talents as a youth showed incredible promise of future contributions. I hope, in also dedicating this book to him, that his efforts to bridge differences and melt hatred among those at odds with each other will leave an inspiring example to future generations. Victor H. Frank, Jr. spent much of his life in public service, including as US Executive Director of the Asian Development Bank and in founding and building an NGO, the Asian Programs Foundation, which supported various projects of dialogue and business cooperation to promote mutual understanding and cooperation among Asian Muslims and the West. The creative and energetic efforts of my Uncle Vic and brother Johnny are not only complementary to each other but also examples of the essential work needed for the survival, positive peace and prosperity of all on this planet. Contents List of Abbreviations viii Preface and Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction 1 2 Pacting Dilemmas of Democratic Reconciliation 39 3 Dilemmas of Physical and Human Security 60 4 Liberal Dilemmas of Human Rights Monitoring 87 5 Dilemmas on Promoting the Rule of Law 126 6 Foreign Aid Dependency Dilemmas 156 7 Democratic Dilemmas of Election Monitoring 173 8 Conclusion: Policy Impacts of NGOs 207 Notes 234 Select Bibliography 266 Index 273 vii Abbreviations AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AI Amnesty International ANC African National Congress AUC Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia BINGOs big international NGOs CASEC (in French) Communal Administrative Section (Haiti) CAT Convention Against Torture CEP Provisional Electoral Council (Haiti) CHDFs Civilian Home Defense Forces (Philippines) CJA Center for Justice and Accountability CoE Council of Europe COMELEC Commission on Elections (Philippines) CPR civil and political rights CSOs civil society organizations DONGOs donor-created NGOs ECHR European Court of Human Rights ESCRs economic, social and cultural rights EU European Union FRAPH Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti FSU former Soviet Union GAD Grand Alliance for Democracy (Philippines) GPMR (in French) Farmers’ Organization of the People of Regnier (Haiti) GRADE (in French) G roup for the Support and Development of the Environment (Haiti) GRAPES (in French) Group for Action in Protection of the South (Haiti) HINGOs Humanitarian International NGOs HRF Human Rights First HRW Human Rights Watch IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICC International Criminal Court ICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICJ International Commission of Jurists ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICTJ International Centre for Transitional Justice ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda viii List of Abbreviations ix ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IDF Israel Defense Forces IDPs internally displaced peoples IFES International Foundation for Electoral Systems IFRC International Federation of Red Cross IGOs inter-governmental organizations IHL international humanitarian law INGOs International NGOs IOs international organizations IPSE Institute for Politics, Sociology and Economics (Nicaragua) IRA Irish Republican Army IRC International Rescue Committee IRI International Republican Institute IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee LIFG Libyan Islamic Fighting Group MEPI Middle Eastern Partnership Initiative MIEEH International Mission for the Evaluation of Elections in Haiti MINUSTAH UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti MNCs multinational corporations MONUC UN Mission to the Democratic Republic of Congo MQM Muttahida Qaumi (National) Movement MRA Moral Re-Armament MSF Médecins sans Frontières (Doctors without Borders) NAMFREL National Citizens’ Movement for Free Elections (Philippines) NCA Norwegian Church Aid NDI National Democratic Institute NED National Endowment for Democracy NGOs non-governmental organizations NICs newly industrialized countries NPA Norwegian People’s Aid NRA National Rifle Association OAS Organization of American States OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OLS Operation Lifeline Sudan PICC Philippine International Convention Center PNG Papua New Guinea QUANGOs quasi-NGOs R2P responsibility to protect SAR Societatea Academică din România (Romanian Academic Society) TANs transnational advocacy networks TFD Task Force Detainees (Philippines)