Prisoners of War CONTRIBUTIONS TO GLOBAL HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Series Editor: Charles E. Orser, Jr., New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5734 Harold Mytum Gilly Carr ● Editors Prisoners of War Archaeology, Memory, and Heritage of 19th- and 20th-Century Mass Internment Editors Harold Mytum Gilly Carr Centre for Manx Studies Archaeology Institute of Continuing Education Classics and Egyptology Univesity of Cambridge School of Histories, Languages Cambridge, UK and Cultures University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK ISSN 1574-0439 ISBN 978-1-4614-4165-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-4166-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4166-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012943944 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Part I Introduction 1 Prisoner of War Archaeology ................................................................. 3 Harold Mytum and Gilly Carr Part II Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Experiences 2 Artifacts of Internment: Archaeology and Interpretation at Two American Civil War Prisoner-of-War Sites ............................. 23 John H. Jameson 3 Life and Death at the Florence Stockade, American Civil War, Prisoner of War Camp, South Carolina ............................. 41 Paul G. Avery and Patrick H. Garrow 4 Johnson’s Island US Civil War Military Prison ................................... 59 David R. Bush 5 Norman Cross: Designing and Operating an Eighteenth-Century British Prisoner of War Camp....................... 75 Harold Mytum and Naomi Hall Part III Twentieth-Century Britain and Europe: Military Prisoners of War 6 Excavating the World War II Prisoner of War Camp at La Glacerie, Cherbourg, Normandy ................................................. 95 Robert Early 7 American, British, and French PoW Camps in Normandy, France (1944–1948). Which Role for Archaeology in the Memorial Process? ........................................... 117 Valentin Schneider v vi Contents 8 Stalag Luft III: The Archaeology of an Escaper’s Camp ............................................................................. 129 Peter Doyle, Jamie Pringle, and Lawrence E. Babits 9 Reinforced Concrete, Steel and Slaves: Archaeological Studies of Prisoners of World War II in Norway—The Case of Romsdal Peninsula ....................................... 145 Marek E. Jasinski Part IV Twentieth-Century Britain and Europe: Civilian Prisoners of War 10 Materiality Matters: The Role of Things in Coping Strategies at Cunningham’s Camp, Douglas During World War I................................................................................ 169 Harold Mytum 11 “My Home Was the Area Around My Bed”: Experiencing and Negotiating Space in Civilian Internment Camps in Germany, 1942–1945 ......................................... 189 Gilly Carr 12 A Tale of Two Towns: Heritage and Memory of Civilian Internment in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, 1942–2012 ............................................................................... 205 Gisela Rothenhäusler and Reinhold Adler 13 Writing and Experiencing Internment: Rethinking Paul Jacobsthal’s Internment Report in the Light of New Discoveries ................................................ 223 Katharina Ulmschneider and Sally Crawford Part V Twentieth-Century Japanese-American Civilian North America 14 “Life in Manzanar Where There Is a Spring Breeze”: Graffiti at a World War II Japanese American Internment Camp .................................................................. 239 Jeffery F. Burton and Mary M. Farrell 15 Japanese-Style Ornamental Community Gardens at Manzanar Relocation Center............................................................. 271 Ronald J. Beckwith 16 An Archaeological and Ethnographic Examination of the Acquisition, Presence, and Consumption of Saké at Camp Amache, a World War II Japanese Internment Camp .................................................................................... 285 Michelle A. Slaughter Contents vii 17 Perseverance and Prejudice: Maintaining Community in Amache, Colorado’s World War II Japanese Internment Camp ................................................................... 303 Dana Ogo Shew and April Elizabeth Kamp-Whittaker Part VI Postcript 18 Prisoner of War Archaeology in an Interdisciplinary Context ....................................................................... 321 Harold Mytum Index ................................................................................................................. 333 Contributors Reinhold Adler Local historian, retired Secondary School teacher, Ummendorf , Germany Paul G. Avery Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. , Knoxville , TN , USA Lawrence E. Babits East Carolina University , Greenville , NC , USA Ronald J. Beckwith Saguaro National Park , U.S. National Park Service , Tucson , AZ , USA Jeffery F. Burton Cultural Resources Program Manager, Manzanar National Historic Site , Independence , CA , USA David R. Bush Center for Historic and Military Archaeology , Heidelberg University , Tif fi n , OH , USA Gilly Carr Institute of Continuing Education , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK Sally Crawford Institute of Archaeology , University of Oxford, Oxford , UK Peter Doyle Department of Earth Sciences , University College London , London , UK Robert Early Oxford Archaeology , Oxford , UK Mary M. Farrell Department of Anthropology , University of Hawai‘i—West O’ahu , Pearl City , HI , USA Patrick H. Garrow Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. , Knoxville , TN , USA Naomi Hall Wessex Archaeology , Salisbury , UK John H. Jameson NB Southeast Archeological Center , U.S. National Park Service , Waterford Glen Court, Tallahassee , FL , USA Marek E. Jasinski Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ix x Contributors April Elizabeth Kamp-Whittaker Independent researcher, Cedar Rapids , IA , USA Harold Mytum Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology , School of Histories, Languages and Cultures, University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK Jamie Pringle Engineering and Environmental Geoscience , School of Physical Sciences and Geography, Keele University , Keele , UK Gisela Rothenhäusler Local historian teaching at Salvatorkolleg, Bad Wurzach , Germany Valentin Schneider Université de Caen Basse-Normandie , Caen , France Dana Ogo Shew Anthropological Studies Center , Sonoma State University , CA , USA Michelle A. Slaughter Avalon Archaeology , Denver , CO , USA Katharina Ulmschneider Institute of Archaeology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK