AP Psych - ULTIMATE AP REVIEW Study online at quizlet.com/_p0mpo 1. psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental 14. William James -functionalist processes -not what the mind IS, but what - finds its origins in philosophy it is FOR -Why is human thought 2. 4 things you critical thinking, skepticism, objecticity, adaptive? need in curiousity - put the AMERICAN stamp on psychology psychology 3. psychological biological, behavioral, cognitive, perspectives evolutionary, humanistic, psychodynamic, 15. natural selection Darwinian explanation of evolution, survival of the fittest (7) sociocultural leads to gradual genetic change 4. empirical learning through observation, data, and (adaptation) method logic 16. biological approach - focus on body, brain, and the 5. John Watson -noted behaviorist nervous system -believed that how you were raised shapes - interested in hormones and who you are other biological things that -anyone can become anything influence behavior 6. B.F Skinner -noted behaviorist 17. neuroscience - scientific study of the nervous -didn't believe in free will- only reactions system, emphasis on -you become the people you surround yourself understanding behavior, with thought, and emotion 7. Sigmund -founding father of psychodynamic approach - interested in the the role of the Freud -bitter and creepy brain in psychological processes -placed high emphasis on sex and traumatic 18. Gestalt a school of thought interested in childhood experience how people naturally organize -therapist; started the couch thing their perceptions according to 8. Carl Rogers -humanistic certain patterns -"The only person who is educated is the one 19. behavioral approach - founded by John B. Watson who has learned how to learn and change." and B.F. Skinner, focus on 9. Abraham -humanistic observable behavior responses Maslow -coined hierarchy of needs: self and their environmental causes actualization, esteem, love, safety, and - care about behavior; NOT NOT physiological CARE about mental processes (cares about what you do, does 10. individualist -individuals seen as separate and unique not care about what you feel or culture -independence think) -focus on self success; leads to low - behavior = observable motivation and desire to do easiest tasks - mental processess = private possible (DO NOT CARE ABOUT) 11. collectivist -individuals play a role in the larger group - noted behaviorists: John B. culture -interdependence Watson and B. F. Skinner -self critical; more likely to challenge self in 20. psychodynamic/analytic - founded by Freud, focus on order to contribute to society approach unconscious thought, the 12. positive - a branch of psychology that focuses on conflict between basic drives and psychology human strengths societal norms, and childhood - if it talks about free will / choice and/or trauma positive growth, it will be the HUMANISTIC - issues unknown to individuals APPROACH influence behavior - a posteriori 13. Wilhelm - structuralist Wundt - identified structures of the mind 21. humanistic approach emphasis on positive qualities of - introspection people, positive growth, and free - conducted the first psychological will. founded by Maslow and experiment in 1879 Rogers - he first person to introduce the idea of 22. altruism unselfish concern for others measuring mental processes 23. cognitive studies the mental processes involved in 32. structuralism - Wundt's approach to discovering the approach knowing (i.e. how we direct our attention, basic elements, or structures, of mental perceive, remember, think, and solve processes; so called because of its focus problems). sees the mind as an active and on identifying aware problem solving system - structuralism came before functionalism, which added "purpose" 24. evolutionary - an approach to psychology centered on - introspection: documenting descriptions approach evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, of an experience reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human 33. functionalism - Jame's appoach to mental processes, behaviors emphasizing the functions and purposes - explains attractiveness of tall and healthy of the mind and behavior in the significant others, etc. individual's adaption to the environment - it expanded upon structuralism 25. sociocultural - an approach to psychology that examines approach how social and cultural environments 34. natural selection Darwin's principle of an evolutionary influence behavior process in which organisms that are best - application: look for words that reference a adapted to their environment will survive specific location, group of people, etc. and and produce offspring how that influences behavior 35. psychopathology the scietific study of psychological 26. careers in -human resources, business consulting, disorders and the development of psychology casework, therapists/counselors, diagnostic categories and treatments for researchers, teachers those disorder -academic(34%) 36. Edward ... -clinical(24%) Bradford -private practice(22%) Titchener -industrial(12%) -schools(4%) 37. Mary Calkins ... -other(4%) 38. empiricism ... 27. What is the - a psychiatrist spends 4 years at medical 39. Charles Darwin - argued that natural selection determines difference school and they have the ability to prescribe the physical traits of survival between a medication (they are an M.D.) psychologist - psychologists do not go to medical school 40. introspection - part of structuralism and a - documenting descriptions of an psychiatrist? experience (mental processes) 28. science the use of systematic methods to observe the 41. sensation and - specialty in psychology natural world, including human behavior perception - sensation (sensing) and mental processes - perception (processing) - interested in optical illusions to 29. behavior - everything we do that can be directly determine how they "trick" the brain observed (actually seen) - thinking about doing a behavior is not a 42. John B. Watson - behaviorist behavior 43. B. F. Skinner - behaviorist 30. mental - the thoughts, feelings, and motives that 44. variable anything that can change in research processes each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly 45. theory - a broad idea or set of closely related - behaviorists, such as Watson and Skinner, ideas that attempts to explain DO NOT care about metal processes observations and to make predictions about future observations 31. critical - the process of reflcecting deeply and - ambiguity: do NOT confuse with thinking actively, asking questions, and evaluating hypothesis, which is a smaller and the evidence testable component of a theory (proving a hypothesis helps prove a theory) 46. hypothesis - an educated guess that derives logically from 58. dependent - the outcome; the factor that can change in a theory; a prediction that can be tested variable an experiment in response to changes in the - ambiguity: do NOT confuse with theory, independent variable which is too broad to test - essentially what you are measuring (b/c it DEPENDS on other variables) 47. operational - a definition that provides an objective definition description of how a variable is going to mbe 59. experimental the participants in an experiment who measured and observed in a particular study group receive the drug or other treatment under the - a specific description of what will be studied study--that is, those who are exposed to the change the independent variable represents 48. meta- - a method that allows researchers to combine analysis the results of several different studies on a 60. control group the particpants in an experiment who are as simlar topic in order to establish the strength much like the experimental group as of an effect possible and who are treated in every way like the experimetnal group except for a 49. descriptive research that determines the basic dimension manipulated factor, the independent research of a phenomenon, defining what it is, how variable often it occurs, and so on 50. case study or an in-depth look at a single individual 61. external - the degree to which an experimental validity design actually relfects the real-world issues case history it is supposed to address 51. correlational - research that examines the relationships - application: the experiment is only valid in research between variables, whose purpose is to a lab setting examine whether and how two variables change together (NOT causal) 62. internal - the degree to which changes in the validity dependent variable are due to the - application: can show links, relationships manipulation of the independent variable between, etc. - application: there is something wrong - application: can state ice cream sales linked with the design of the scientific experiment to increased violence (something should have been considered 52. third the circumstance where a variable that has not that wasn't, etc.) variable been measured accounts for the relationshp problem or between two other variables. Third variables 63. experimenter occurs when the experimenter's bias expectations influence the outcome of the confounds are also known as confounds. research 53. longitudinal a special kind of systematic observation, used design by correlational researchers, that involves 64. demand any aspects of a study that communicate to characteristics the participants how the experimenter obtaining measures of the variables of interest wants them to behave in multiple waves over time 54. experiment a carefully regulated procedure in which the 65. research occurs when the behavior of research participant participants during the experiment is researcher manipulates one or more variables bias influenced by how they think they are that are believed to influence some other suppsed to behave or their expectations variable about what is happening to them 55. random - researchers' assignment of participants to assignment groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that 66. placebo effect occurs when particpants' expectation, rather than the experimental treatment, an experiment's results will be due to produce an outcome preexisting differences between groups - ensures groups had equal and balanced 67. placebo in a drug study, a harmless substance that composition (not biased) has no physiological effect, given to - exteremly important aspect of experimental particpatns in a control group so that they design are treated indentically to the experimental group except for the active agent 56. independent a manipulated experimental factor; the variable variable that the experimenter changes to see 68. double-blind an experimental design in which neither what its effects are experiment the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the 57. confederate a person who is given a role to play in a study experimental group and which are in the so that the social context can be manipulated control group until the results are calculated 69. population the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions 70. sample the subset of the population chosen by the 83. applied research thtat is applied, accessing and investigator for study research using some part of the research community's accumulated theories, 71. random a sample that gives every member of the knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a sample population an equal chance of being selected client driven purpose 72. naturalistic - the observation of behavior in a real-world observation setting 84. basic research research carried out to increase understanding of fundamental principles; - examples: observing students in classes, the results, many times, have no direct or observing teachers in classes, observing kids at immediate commercial benefits the mall, etc. 73. descriptive mathematical procedures that are used to 85. validity the extent to which a test measure what it is intended to measure statistics describe and summarize sets of data in a meaningful way which includes measures of 86. reliability the extent to which a test yields a central tendency and measures of dispersion consistent, reproductive measure of - includes: mean, median, mode and standard performance deviation 87. sampling the act or process of selecting a sample for 74. mean a measure of central tendency that is the testing, analyzing, etc. average for a sample 88. representative a subset of the population that accurately 75. median a measure of central tendency that is the middle sample reflects the members of the entire score in a sample population 76. mode a measure of central tendency that is the most 89. stratified the population is divided into subpopultions common score in a sample sampling (strata) and random samples are taken from each stratum 77. range a measure of dispersion that is the difference between the highest and lowest scores 90. laboratory a test or trial conducted in the lab experiment 78. standard - a measure of dispersion that tells us how deviation much scores in a sample differ from the mean of 91. field a test or trial conducted in the real world the sample experiment - more sophisticated version of descriptive 92. group- ensures that experimental/control groups statistics matching are equivalent (sex, race, age, etc.) to avoid - takes squared deviation from the mean flawed results due to confounds - application: frequently results in a normal bell curve 93. social tendency of respondents to reply in a desirability manner that will be viewed favorably by 79. inferential mathematical methods that are used to indicate others statistics whether results for a sample are likely to generalize to a population 94. Hawthorne the tendency of individuals to perform better effect simply because of being singled out and 80. correlation - the strength of the relationship between two made to feel important coefficient variables - strongest relationship = greatest distance form 95. response rate ratio of number of people who answered the zero (either postivie or negative survey divided by the number of people in - weaskest relationshiip = closest to 0 the sample - no relationship (do not occur at the same 96. outlier an extreme piece of data that skews the time) = 0 results - negative = inverserse relationship (as one 97. z score a standard score indicates who many variable increases, the other decreases) standard deviations an observation or - positive = direct relationship (as one variable datum is above or below the mean increases, the other also increases) - 1.00 correlation coefficient = predict with 98. p value the probabilitry of obtaining a test statistic perfect accuracy at least as extreme as the one that was actually observed 81. survey a research method involving the use of research questionaires and/or statistical surveys to 99. normal curve a model of distribution gather data about people and their thoughts and 100. scatter plot a graph in which the values of two variables behaviors are plotted along two axes, the pattern of 82. hindsight the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that the resulting points revealing any bias we accurately predicted an outcome correlation present. 101. line of best fit / a straight line drawn through the center of 114. nervous the body's electrochemical communication regression a group of data points plotted on a scatter system circuitry line plot, shows how variables are correlated 115. plasticity - the brain's special capacity for change 102. sampling The error that arises as a result of taking a - the baility for nerve cells in the brain to error sample from a population rather than using change their purpose the whole population. 116. afferent - nerves that carry information about the 103. statistical - a result that is not likely to occur nerves / external environment to the brain and spinal significance randomly, but rather is likely to be sensory cord via sensory receptors attributable to a specific cause nerves - do NOT confuse with efferent nerves - .05 correlation is the minimum level of 117. efferent - nerves that carry information out of the brain probability that scientists will accept for nerves / and spinal cord to other areas of the body concluding that observed difference are real motor - think "e" for exit (out) of the brain and spinal and not due to chance nerves cord 104. Institutional a group of peers in a clinical setting that - do NOT confuse with afferent nerves Review Board examines a research proposal to insure 118. central the system made up of the brain and spinal (IRB) patient safety and addresses the ethics of nervous cord the proposed study system 105. coercion The intimidation or convincing of a victim (CNS) to compel the individual to do some act 119. peripheral - the network of nerves that connects the brain against his or her will by the use of nervous and spinal cord to other parts of the body psychological pressure, physical force, or system - composed of all the sensory and motor threats. (PNS) nerves 106. informed permission granted in the knowledge of the - it is a part of the human nervous system consent possible consequences, typically that which - two main components: is given by a patient to a doctor for 1. the somatic nervous system (voluntary) treatment with full knowledge of the 2. the autonomic nervous system (involuntary- possible risks and benefits. -consisting of the sympathetic motor system and the parasympathetic nervous system) 107. anonymity concealing the identities of participants in all documents resulting from the research 120. somatic - the body system consisting of the sensory nervous nerves, whose function is to convey 108. confidentiality concerned with who has the right of access system information from the skin and muscles to the to the data provided by the participants CNS about conditions such as pain and 109. debriefing used to refer to the process whereby temperature, and the motor nerves, whose "justified" deception has been used by the function is to tell the muscles what to do researchers, and, following ethical - sensory nerves + motor nerves research practices, respondents are then - voluntary nervous system (input from sense spoken to after the study ends to explain the organs; output to skeletal muscles)... if you deception to them and try to undo any harm "instruct," "tell," "decide" for your muscles to that may have been caused by the do something, it is because of the somatic deception. nervous system 110. variance a measure of how far a set of numbers is - carries information to your muscles spread out 121. autonomic the body system that takes messages to and 111. positive skew outliers cause distribution of data nervous from the body's internal organs, monitoring system such processes as breathing, heart rate and 112. negative skew ... digestion 113. scientific 1. observing some phenomenon 122. sympathetic - the part of the autonomic nervous system method 2. formulating hypothesis and prediction nervous that arouses the body 3. testing through empirical research system - "fight of flight" resonses (survival responses) 4. drawing conclusions - neurotransmitter: noradrenaline 5. evaluating the theory IMPORTANT: you must be open-minded (OK with results that disprove your hypothesis) and remove emotions and personal bias from experiment design and implementation 123. parasympathetic - the part of the autonomic nervous 131. action potential the brief wave of positive and electrical nervous system system that calms the body charge that sweeps down the axon - relaxing responses 132. all-or-nothing - the principle that once the electrical - neurotransmitter: acetocholine principle impulse reaches a certain level of - think (para) b/c paramedics need to intensity (its threshold), it fires and calm down patients moves all the way down the axon 124. neurons - one of two types of cells in the nervous without losing any intensity system; neurons are the nerve cells that - if the were depolarized at a different handle to information-processing speed or amount, the intensity of the function action potential would not be affected - neurons = basic unit of the nervous because they either ALL fire or it does system not - nervous system contains appox. 11 133. synapses / - tiny spaces between neurons billion neurons synaptic gap - neurtransmitter (chemical) - parts of neuron: dentdrites, cell body substances travel across them between (soma), axon, myelin sheath, axon neurons terminals, terninal buttons, nucleus - 3 types of neurons: sensory neurons, 134. neurotransmitters chemical substances that are stored in motor neurons, interneurons very tiny sacs within the terminal - resting state: a negative charge on the buttons and involved in transmitting inside of the cell membrane and a information across a synaptic gap to positive charge on the outside the next neuron 125. glial cells / glia - the second of two types of cells in the 135. Acetylcholine -stimulates neurons to fire, muscular nervous system; these types of cells action, learning, and memory provide support, nutritional benefits, and - a neurotransmitter that is a derivative other functions and keep neurons of choline running smoothly - low levels linked to Alzheimer's - assists in transporting nutrients from disease blood vessels to neurons 136. GABA (gamma - Neurotransmitter in as many as one 126. cell body (soma) the part of the neuron that contains the aminobutyric third of the brain's synapses nucleus, which directs the manufacture acid) of substances that the neuron needs for 137. Glutamate - excites neurons to fire growth and maintenance - involved in learning and memory 127. dendrites - treelike fibers projecting from a neuron, - too much can cause migraine which receive information and orient it headache toward the neuron's cell body 138. Norepinephrine -slows neuron firing in the central - branched appendages that carry nervous system informaiton to the cell body - a catecholamine precursor of - primary function: receive information epinephrine that is secreted by the 128. axon the part of the neuron that carries adrenal medulla and also released at information away from the cell body synapses toward other cells - also known as noradrenaline - think (a) for away 139. Dopamine -controls voluntary movement, sleep, 129. myelin sheath - a layer of fat cells that encases and mood, attention, learning, and insulates most axons reaction - helps make the charge pass faster and - a monoamine neurotransmitter found smoother down the axon in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central 130. resting potential - in an inactive neuron, the voltage nervous system / resting state between the inside and outside of the - low levels linked to Parkinson's axon wall disease - a negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a postive charge on the outside 140. Serotonin -regulates sleep, mood, attention, and 150. amygdala - an almond-shaped structure within the learning base of the temporal lobe that is involved in - a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep the discrimination of objects that are and depression and memory necessary for the organism's survival, such - linked to depression depression as appropriate food, mates, and social rivals - it is one of the two principal structures of 141. Endorphines - a neurochemical occurring naturally in the the limbic system (along with the brain and having analgesic properties hippocampus) - neurotransmitter that inhibits firing of CNS -damage to this can cause incredibly - but excites the heart muscle, intestinal, and incorrect decision-making, includng urogenital tract inappropriate behavior with inanimate 142. Oxytocin - Acts as both neurotransmitter and hormone objects - plays important role in love and social bonding 151. hippocampus - the structure of the limbic system that has a special role in the storage of memories - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary - it is one of the two principal structures of gland (trade name Pitocin) the limbic system (along with the 143. neural networks of nerve cells that integrate sensory amygdala) networks input and motor output -damage to this results in issues with 144. hindbrain located at the skull's rear, the lowest portion memory formation of the brain, consisting of the medulla, 152. thalamus - the forebrain structure that sits at the top cerebellum and pons of the brain stem in the brain's central core 145. brain stem the stemlike brain area that includes much of and serves as the important relay station the hindbrain (it does not include the - it passes information that enters the brain cerebellum) and the midbrain; it connects on to the appropriate places with the spinal cord at its lower end and then 153. basal ganglia - large neuron clusters located above the extends upward to encase the reticular thalamus and under the cerebral cortex that formation of the midbrain work with the cerebellum and the cerebral 146. midbrain located between the hindbrain and the cortex to control and coordinate voluntary forebrain, an area in which many nerve-fiber movements systems ascend and descend to connect the - important for learning a repteitive higher and lower portions of the brain; in movement particular, this part of the brain relays 154. hypothalamus - a small forebrain structure, located just information between the brain and the eyes below the thalamus, that monitors three and ears pleasurable activities--eating, drinking and 147. reticular - a system in the midbrain comprising a sex--as well as emotion, stress, and reward formation diffuse collection of neurons involved in - one of the major pleasure centers of the stereotyped patterns of behavior such as brain walking, sleeping, and turning to attend to a - think "hypo"--meaning underneath or sudden noise below, and the (hypo)thalamus is below the - the structure that plays an important role in thalamus these stereotyped patterns of behavior by 155. cerebral - part of the forebrain, the outer layer of the manipulation of various neurotransmitters cortex brain, responsible for the most complex 148. forebrain the brain's largest division and its most mental functions, such as thinking and forward part planning - plays a key role in memory, attention, 149. limbic a loosely connected network of structures perceptual awareness, thought, language, system under the cerebral cortex, important in both and consciousness memory and emotion. Its two principal structures are the amygdala and the 156. neocortex - the outermost part of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus making up 80 percent of the cortex in the human brain 157. occipital lobes - structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli 158. temporal lobes structures in the cerebral cortex that are 171. testes sex-related endocrine glands in the located just above the ears and are involved scrotum that produce hormones related in hearing, language processing and to men's sexual development and memory reproduction 159. frontal lobes the portion of the cerebral cortex behind 172. stem cells unique primitive cells that have the the forehead, involved in personality, capacity to develop into most types of intelligence and the control of voluntary human cells muscles 173. chromosomes in the human cell, threadlike structures 160. parietal lobes structures at the top and toward the rear of that come in 23 pairs, one member of the head that are involved in registering each pair originating from each parent, spatial location, attention, and motor and that contain the remarkable control substance DNA 161. somatosensory a region in the cerebral cortex that 174. deoxyribonucleic a complex molecule in the cell's cortex processes information about body acid (DNA) chromosomes that carries genetic sensation, located at the front of the information parietal lobes 175. genes the units of hereditary information, 162. motor cortex a region in the cerebral cortex that consisting of short segments of processes information about voluntary chromosomes composed of DNA movement, located just behind the frontal 176. dominant- the principle that, if one gene of a pair is lobes recessive genes dominant and one is recessive, the 163. association the region of the cerebral cortex that is the principle dominant gene overrides the recessive cortex / site of the highest intellectual functions, gene. A recessive gene exerts its association such as thinking and problem solving influence only if both genes of a pair are areas recessive 164. corpus - the large bundle of axons that connects 177. genotype an individual's genetic heritage; his or callosum the brain's two hemispheres, responsible her actual genetic material for relaying information between the two 178. phenotype - an individual's observable sides characteristics - cutting the corpus callosum results in a - can be deliberately changed (cororing split brain hair, plastic surgery, etc.) 165. endocrine the body system consisting of a set of 179. stress - the responses of individuals to system glands that regulate activities of certain environmental stressors organs by releasing their chemical - can result in high levles of adrenaline products into the bloodstream and noradrenaline in the body 166. glands organs or tissues in the body that create - cna cause persistent arousal of her chemicals that control many of our bodily autonomic (involuntary) nervous system functions - can weak the immune system 167. hormones chemical messengers that are produced by 180. stressors circumstances and events that threaten the endocrine glands and carried by the individuals and tax their coping abilities bloodstream to all parts of the body and that cause physiological changes to ready the body to handle the assault of 168. pituitary gland - a pea-sized gland just beneath the stress hypothalamus that controls growth and regulates other glands 181. sensory neurons - located in the body's sense organs - sometimes called the master gland (examples: eye, ear, nose) - send messages from these organs to 169. adrenal glands glands at the top of each kidney that are brain responsible for regulating moods, energy - 1 of 3 types of neurons level and the ability to cope with stress 170. pancreas a dual-purpose gland under the stomach 182. motor neurons - neurons that convey information from the nervous system to the body's organs, that performs both digestive and endocrine glands, and msucles functions 183. interneurons - transmit information from one neuron (association to another within the nervous system neurons) 184. complexity - carrying out multiple functions 195. medulla -governs breathing and reflexes at once -part of the hindbrain (which also includes - application: multitasking = the pons and cerebellum) metaphor for it -lower half of the brain stem -contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting 185. integraion Integrated across multiple levels and vasomotor centers and deals with to connect everything in the body autonomic, (involuntary) functions, such as 186. adaptability The brain and nervous system are breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. our agent for adapting to the world 196. cerebellum -involved in motor coordination -damage creates issues with blanace and 187. mirror neurons - involved in imitation and are muscle coordination activated when we both perform an action and watch someone 197. fusiform -dime sized spot behind the right ear face area -involves face recognition else perform the same activity - research experiments where people learned - if you have a teacher / trainer / to identify "greebles" demonstrated it is coach who models a behavior or involved with more than face recognition activity while you do it too, it would be an examples of these in 198. epinephrine - hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla action / adrenaline and a central nervous system neurotransmitter released by some neurons 188. Broca's area - area in the brain used in speech -used when a person has an allergic reaction production - hormone and a neurotransmitter - located in left hemisphere -regulates heart rate, blood vessel and air 189. synaptic transmission refers to the process by which passage diameters, and metabolic shifts neurotransmitters are fire across - a crucial component of the fight-or-flight the synaptic gaps to the next response of the sympathetic nervous system neuron and so forth 199. selective - genetic method where organisms are chosen 190. Electroencephalograph - electroencephalograph records breeding for reproduction based on how much of a (EEG) the brain's activity particular trait they display - electrodes are placed on peoples - used to demonstrate how genes influence heads in order to study brain behavior activity 200. neural the electrical discharge that travels along a 191. PET positron-emission tomography impulse nerve fiber measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain 201. depolarizing - occurs during the action potential - first involves the flow of sodium ions into 192. fMRI - functional magnetic resonance the membrane imaging - allows scientists to literally see 202. endorphins - produced by body from exersize - "runners' high" what is happening while the brain is working. 203. magnetic - detecting and interpreting magnetic activity resonance from hydrogen levels in the blood 193. magnetic resonance -involves creating a magnetic imaging imaging (MRI) field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct 204. motor - area of the cerebral cortex which control images of the person's tissues cortex voluntary muscle movement and biochemical activities 205. sensation - the process of receiving stimulus energies 194. Wernicke's area -involved in understanding from the external environment and speech transforming those energies into neural energy - application: describing a bunch of things that you "sense"--as in feel, taste, see, etc. from the environment - ambiguity: do NOT confuse with perception (organizing and interpreting) 206. perception the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information so that it has meaning 207. bottom-up - the operation in sensation and perception in 219. sensory a change in the responsiveness of the sensory processing which sensory receptors register information adaption system based on the average level of about the external environment and send it up surrounding stimulation (p. 107) to the brain for interpretation 220. retina - the multilayered light-sensitive surface in - application: any time you are learning the eye that contains receptor cells that record something NEW, doing something for the electromagnetic energy and converts it to FIRST time neural impulses processing in the brain (p. 208. top-down - the operation in sensation and perception, 111) processing launched by cognitive processing at the brain's - contains receptor cells higher levels, that allows the organism to sense - most complex part of they eye what is happening to apply that framework to - rods - nigh vision, black and white vision, information from the world peripheral vision - application: about things which you are - cones - color vision, crisp and focused familiar, routine, etc., you apply top-down vision (fovea), day time vision processing (expectations) to your perception 221. rods - the receptor cells in the retina that are 209. sensory specialized cells that detect stimulus sensitive to light but not very useful for color receptors informaiton and transmit it to sensory (afferent) vision (p. 111) nerves and the brain - peripheral vision (peripheral vision in low- light conditions can be superior) 210. absolute - the minimum amount of stimulus energy that a - used in low-light conditions threshold person can detect 50% of the time - application: if you are NOT SURE if you 222. cones - the receptor cells in the retina that allow for sensed something color perception (p. 111) - think (c) for (c)olor perception 211. noise irrelevant and competing stimuli--not only sounds but also any distracting stimuli ffor our 223. optic nerve - the structure at the back of the eye, made up senses of axons of the ganglion cells, that carries visual infrmatoin to the brain for further 212. difference the degree of difference that must exist betyween processing (p. 113) threshold two stimuli before the difference is detected - area where optic nerve leaves eye = blind 213. Weber's - the principle that two stimuli must differ by a spot law constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) to be perceived as different 224. feature neurons in the brain's visual system that detectors respond t oparticular features of a stimulus (p. - application: changing prices - change in 113) prices seems more dramatic if higher percentage change--not dollar amount 225. parallel - the simultaneous distribution of information processing across different neural pathways 214. subliminal the detection of information belwo the level of - purpose: allow sensory information to travel perception conscious awareness rapidly though the brain 215. signal - a theory of perception that focuses on decision detection making about stimuli in the presence of 226. binding - in the sense of vision, the brining together and integration of what is processed by theory uncertainty (p. 104) different nerual pathaways or cells - detection of stimuli vary based on physcial - application: brining together a bunch of intensity of stimulus, fatigue of the boservers, visual elements into one expectancy - information acquisition (all the information 227. trichromatic theory stating that color perception is that you have to make a decision) and criterion theory produced by three types of cone receptors in (how you will be using that information to make the retina that are particualry sensitive to an assessment) different but overlapping ranges of - STUDY this wavelengths 216. attention the process of focusing awareness on a 228. opponent- theory stating that cells in the visual system narrowed aspect of the environment (p. 105) process respond to complementary pairs of red-green theory and blue-yellow colors; a given cell might be 217. selective thre process of focusing on a specific aspect of excited by red and inhibited by green, attention experience while ignoring others (p. 105) whereas another cell might be excited by 218. perceptual a predisposition or readiness to perceive yellow and inhibited by blue set something in a particular way (p. 107) - explains and explained by afterimages