of PRINCIPLES and VASCULAR INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND This page intentionally left blank of PRINCIPLES and VASCULAR INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND S J. H , , , , tuart utcHiSon md frcpc facc faHa Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Calgary Departments of Cardiac Sciences, Medicine, and Radiology Director of Echocardiography Foothills Medical Center Calgary, Ontario Canada K c. H , , ( ) atHerine olmeS rvt rt r Team Leader, Vascular Ultrasound Laboratory Division of Cardiology St. Michael’s Hospital Toronto, Ontario Canada 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 PRINCIPLES OF VASCULAR AND INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND ISBN 978-1-4377-0404-4 Copyright © 2012 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods, they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 978-1-4377-0404-4 Acquisitions Editor: Natasha Andjelkovic Developmental Editor: Bradley McIlwain Publishing Services Manager: Pat Joiner-Myers Project Manager: Marlene Weeks Designer: Steven Stave Printed in China. Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my Cindy, Noel Keith, and Liam James. Your gifts of love, time, and belief can only ever be repaid in kind. SJH To Miles Cramer, RVT, for incredible teaching, encouragement, example, collegiality and friendship. SJH and KCH My deep appreciation goes to Stuart Hutchison for giving me the opportunity to participate in this adventure. I dedicate this book to Maggie, whose love and support have enabled me to realize a dream. KCH This page intentionally left blank CONTRIBUTORS Junya Ako, MD George E. Kopchok, BS Center for Research in Cardiovascular Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute Interventions Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Stanford University Medical Center Torrance, California Stanford, California Katsuhisa Waseda, MD Joe Chauvapun, MD Center for Research in Cardiovascular Department of Surgery Interventions Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Stanford University Medical Center Torrance, California Stanford, California Katherine C. Holmes, RVT, RT(R) Rodney A. White, MD Team Leader, Vascular Ultrasound Laboratory Vascular Surgery Division Chief Division of Cardiology Vascular Surgery Fellowship Program Director St. Michael’s Hospital Vice Chairman of Research Toronto, Ontario Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Canada David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles Stuart J. Hutchison, MD, FRCPC, FACC, FAHA Torrance, California Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Calgary Departments of Cardiac Sciences, Medicine, and Radiology Director of Echocardiography Foothills Medical Center Calgary, Ontario Canada vii This page intentionally left blank