This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. FIFTH EDITION Principles of Physics A CALCULUS-BASED TEXT Raymond A. Serway John W. Jewett, Jr. Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition © 2013, 2006, 2002 by Raymond A. Serway Raymond A. Serway ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein John W. 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Further permissions questions can be emailed to Marketing Communications Manager: Welcome to your MCAT Test Preparation Guide The MCAT Test Preparation Guide makes your copy of Principles of Physics, Fifth Edition, the most comprehensive MCAT study tool and classroom resource in introductory physics. The grid, which begins below and continues on the next two pages, outlines twelve concept-based study courses for the physics part of your MCAT exam. Use it to prepare for the MCAT, class tests, and your homework assignments. Vectors Force Skill Objectives: To calculate distance, calculate Skill Objectives: To know and understand Newton’s angles between vectors, calculate magnitudes, laws, to calculate resultant forces and weight. and to understand vectors. Review Plan: Review Plan: Newton’s Laws: Chapter 4 Distance and Angles: Chapter 1 j Sections 4.1–4.6 j Section 1.6 j Quick Quizzes 4.1–4.6 j Active Figure 1.4 j Example 4.1 j Chapter Problem 33 j Chapter Problem 7 Using Vectors: Chapter 1 Resultant Forces: Chapter 4 j Sections 1.7–1.9 j Section 4.7 j Quick Quizzes 1.4–1.8 j Quick Quiz 4.7 j Examples 1.6–1.8 j Example 4.6 j Active Figures 1.9, 1.16 j Chapter Problems 29, 37 j Chapter Problems 34, 35, 43, 44, 47, 51 Gravity: Chapter 11 j Section 11.1 Motion j Quick Quiz 11.1 j Chapter Problem 5 Skill Objectives: To understand motion in two dimensions, to calculate speed and velocity, to Equilibrium calculate centripetal acceleration, and acceleration in free fall problems. Skill Objectives: To calculate momentum and impulse, center of gravity, and torque. Review Plan: Motion in 1 Dimension: Chapter 2 Review Plan: j Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.7 Momentum: Chapter 8 j Quick Quizzes 2.3–2.6 j Section 8.1 j Examples 2.1, 2.2, 2.4–2.9 j Quick Quiz 8.2 j Active Figure 2.12 j Examples 8.2, 8.3 j Chapter Problems 3, 5,13, 19, 21, 29, 31, 33 Impulse: Chapter 8 Motion in 2 Dimensions: Chapter 3 j Sections 8.2–8.4 j Sections 3.1–3.3 j Quick Quizzes 8.3, 8.4 j Quick Quizzes 3.2, 3.3 j Examples 8.4, 8.6 j Examples 3.1–3.4 j Active Figures 8.8, 8.9 j Active Figures 3.5, 3.7, 3.10 j Chapter Problems 5, 9, 11, 17, 21 j Chapter Problems 1, 11, 13 Torque: Chapter 10 Centripetal Acceleration: Chapter 3 j Sections 10.5, 10.6 j Sections 3.4, 3.5 j Quick Quiz 10.7 j Quick Quizzes 3.4, 3.5 j Example 10.8 j Example 3.5 j Chapter Problems 23, 30 j Active Figure 3.14 j Chapter Problems 23, 31 iii MCAT Test Preparation Guide Work Matter Skill Objectives: To calculate friction, work, Skill Objectives: To calculate density, pressure, kinetic energy, power, and potential energy. specifi c gravity, and fl ow rates. Review Plan: Review Plan: Friction: Chapter 5 Density: Chapters 1, 15 j Section 5.1 j Sections 1.1, 15.2 j Quick Quizzes 5.1, 5.2 Pressure: Chapter 15 Work: Chapter 6 j Sections 15.1–15.4 j Section 6.2 j Quick Quizzes 15.1–15.4 j Chapter Problems 3, 5 j Examples 15.1, 15.3 j Chapter Problems 2, 11, 23, 27, 31 Kinetic Energy: Chapter 6 j Section 6.5 Flow Rates: Chapter 15 j Example 6.6 j Section 15.6 j Quick Quiz 15.5 Power: Chapter 7 j Section 7.6 j Chapter Problem 29 Sound Potential Energy: Chapters 6, 7 Skill Objectives: To understand interference of j Sections 6.6, 7.2 waves, calculate properties of waves, the speed of j Quick Quiz 6.6 sound, Doppler shifts, and intensity. Chapter 7 j Chapter Problem 3 Review Plan: Waves Sound Properties: Chapters 13, 14 j Sections 13.2, 13.3, 13.6, 13.7, 14.3 Skill Objectives: To understand interference of waves, j Quick Quizzes 13.2, 13.4, 13.7 to calculate basic properties of waves, properties j Example 14.3 of springs, and properties of pendulums. j Active Figures 13.6, 13.7, 13.9, 13.22, 13.23 Chapter 13 Review Plan: j Problems 11, 15, 28, 34, 41, 45 Chapter 14 Wave Properties: Chapters 12, 13 j Problem 27 j Sections 12.1, 12.2, 13.1, 13.2 j Quick Quiz 13.1 Interference/Beats: Chapter 14 j Examples 12.1, 13.2 j Sections 14.1, 14.5 j Active Figures 12.1, 12.2, 12.6, 12.8, 12.11 j Quick Quiz 14.6 Chapter 13 j Active Figures 14.1–14.3, 14.12 j Problem 7 j Chapter Problems 9, 45, 46 Pendulum: Chapter 12 j Sections 12.4, 12.5 j Quick Quizzes 12.5, 12.6 j Example 12.5 j Active Figure 12.13 j Chapter Problem 35 Interference: Chapter 14 j Sections 14.1, 14.2 j Quick Quiz 14.1 j Active Figures 14.1–14.3 iv MCAT Test Preparation Guide Light Circuits Skill Objectives: To understand mirrors and Skill Objectives: To understand and calculate lenses, to calculate the angles of refl ection, to use current, resistance, voltage, and power, and to the index of refraction, and to fi nd focal lengths. use circuit analysis. Review Plan: Review Plan: Refl ection: Chapter 25 Ohm’s Law: Chapter 21 j Sections 25.1–25.3 j Sections 21.1, 21.2 j Example 25.1 j Quick Quizzes 21.1, 21.2 j Active Figure 25.5 j Examples 21.1, 21.2 j Chapter Problem 8 Refraction: Chapter 25 j Sections 25.4, 25.5 Power and Energy: Chapter 21 j Quick Quizzes 25.2–25.5 j Section 21.5 j Example 25.2 j Quick Quiz 21.4 j Chapter Problems 8, 16 j Examples 21.4 j Active Figure 21.11 Mirrors and Lenses: Chapter 26 j Chapter Problems 21, 25, 31 j Sections 26.1–26.4 j Quick Quizzes 26.1–26.6 Circuits: Chapter 21 j Thinking Physics 26.2 j Sections 21.6–21.8 j Examples 26.1–26.5 j Quick Quizzes 21.5–21.7 j Active Figures 26.2, 26.25 j Examples 21.6–21.8 j Chapter Problems 27, 30, 33, 37 j Active Figures 21.14, 21.15, 21.17 j Chapter Problems 31, 39, 47 Electrostatics Skill Objectives: To understand and calculate the Atoms electric fi eld, the electrostatic force, and the electric potential. Skill Objectives: To understand decay processes and nuclear reactions and to calculate half-life. Review Plan: Review Plan: Coulomb’s Law: Chapter 19 j Sections 19.2–19.4 Atoms: Chapters, 11, 29 j Quick Quiz 19.1–19.3 j Section 11.5 j Examples 19.1, 19.2 j Sections 29.1–29.6 j Active Figure 19.7 Chapter 11 j Chapter Problems 3, 9 j Problems 37–43, 61 Electric Field: Chapter 19 Decays: Chapter 30 j Sections 19.5, 19.6 j Sections 30.3, 30.4 j Quick Quizzes 19.4, 19.5 j Quick Quizzes 30.3–30.6 j Active Figures 19.11, 19.20, 19.22 j Examples 30.3–30.6 j Active Figures 30.8–30.11, 30.13, 30.14 Potential: Chapter 20 j Chapter Problems 18, 23, 25 j Sections 20.1–20.3 j Examples 20.1, 20.2 Nuclear Reactions: Chapter 30 j Active Figure 20.8 j Section 30.5 j Chapter Problems 3, 5, 8, 11 j Active Figure 30.18 j Chapter Problems 32, 35 v MCAT Test Preparation Guide Contents About the Authors xi 4.6 N ewton’s Third Law 105 Preface xii 4.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law 107 To the Student xxviii 4.8 Context Connection: Forces on Automobiles 115 Life Science Applications and Problems xxxi 5 More Applications of An Invitation to Physics 1 Newton’s Laws 125 1 Introduction and Vectors 4 5.1 F orces of Friction 125 5.2 Extending the Particle in Uniform 1.1 S tandards of Length, Mass, and Time 4 Circular Motion Model 130 1.2 Dimensional Analysis 7 5.3 Nonuniform Circular Motion 136 1.3 C onversion of Units 8 5.4 M otion in the Presence of Velocity-Dependent Resistive 1.4 Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 9 Forces 138 1.5 S ignifi cant Figures 10 5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature 142 1.6 C oordinate Systems 12 5.6 Context Connection: Drag Coeffi cients 1.7 V ectors and Scalars 13 of Automobiles 144 1.8 Some Properties of Vectors 15 1.9 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors 17 6 Energy of a System 154 1.10 M odeling, Alternative Representations, 6.1 S ystems and Environments 155 and Problem-Solving Strategy 22 6.2 Work Done by a Constant Force 156 Context 1 | Alternative-Fuel Vehicles 35 6.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors 158 6.4 Work Done by a Varying Force 160 2 Motion in One Dimension 37 6.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem 165 2.1 Average Velocity 38 6.6 P otential Energy of a System 168 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity 41 6.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 173 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity 45 6.8 R elationship Between Conservative 2.4 A cceleration 47 Forces and Potential Energy 175 2.5 Motion Diagrams 50 6.9 P otential Energy for Gravitational 2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant and Electric Forces 176 Acceleration 51 6.10 E nergy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System 179 2.7 Freely Falling Objects 56 6.11 Context Connection: Potential Energy in Fuels 181 2.8 Context Connection: Acceleration Required by Consumers 59 7 Conservation of Energy 192 3 Motion in Two Dimensions 69 7.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy) 193 7.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy) 195 3.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration 7.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System Vectors 69 in Steady State (Energy) 202 3.2 T wo-Dimensional Motion with Constant 7.4 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction 203 Acceleration 71 7.5 Changes in Mechanical Energy 3.3 Projectile Motion 74 for Nonconservative Forces 208 3.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion 81 7.6 Power 214 3.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration 83 7.7 Context Connection: Horsepower Ratings 3.6 R elative Velocity and Relative Acceleration 84 of Automobiles 216 3.7 Context Connection: Lateral Acceleration of Automobiles 87 Context 1 | CONCLUSION Present and Future Possibilities 230 4 The Laws of Motion 97 Context 2 | Mission to Mars 233 4.1 T he Concept of Force 97 4.2 Newton’s First Law 99 8 Momentum and Collisions 235 4.3 Mass 100 8.1 Linear Momentum 235 4.4 Newton’s Second Law 101 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum) 237 4.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight 104 8.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum) 240 vi CONTENTS  vii 8.4 Collisions in One Dimension 243 Context 3 | Earthquakes 388 8.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions 250 12 Oscillatory Motion 390 8.6 The Center of Mass 253 8.7 M otion of a System of Particles 257 12.1 M otion of an Object Attached to a Spring 391 8.8 Context Connection: Rocket Propulsion 260 12.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion 392 12.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 397 9 Relativity 272 12.4 The Simple Pendulum 400 9.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity 273 12.5 The Physical Pendulum 402 9.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment 275 12.6 Damped Oscillations 403 9.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity 276 12.7 Forced Oscillations 404 9.4 Consequences of Special Relativity 276 12.8 Context Connection: Resonance in Structures 405 9.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations 285 9.6 Relativistic Momentum and the Relativistic Form of 13 Mechanical Waves 415 Newton’s Laws 288 13.1 Propagation of a Disturbance 416 9.7 Relativistic Energy 290 13.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave 418 9.8 Mass and Energy 292 13.3 The Speed of Transverse Waves on Strings 423 9.9 General Relativity 293 13.4 Refl ection and Transmission 426 9.10 Context Connection: From Mars to the Stars 296 13.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings 427 13.6 Sound Waves 429 10 Rotational Motion 305 13.7 The Doppler Eff ect 432 10.1 A ngular Position, Speed, and Acceleration 306 13.8 Context Connection: Seismic Waves 435 10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration 308 14 Superposition and Standing 10.3 Relations Between Rotational and Translational Waves 447 Quantities 310 14.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference 448 10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy 311 14.2 Standing Waves 451 10.5 Torque and the Vector Product 316 14.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary 10.6 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium 320 Conditions 454 10.7 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque 323 14.4 Standing Waves in Air Columns 456 10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion 326 14.5 Beats: Interference in Time 460 10.9 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular 14.6 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns 462 Momentum) 328 14.7 The Ear and Theories of Pitch Perception 464 10.10 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum) 331 14.8 Context Connection: Building on Antinodes 466 10.11 Precessional Motion of Gyroscopes 335 Context 3 | CONCLUSION 10.12 Rolling Motion of Rigid Objects 336 Minimizing the Risk 476 10.13 Context Connection: Turning the Spacecraft 339 Context 4 | Heart Attacks 479 11 Gravity, Planetary Orbits, 15 Fluid Mechanics 482 and the Hydrogen Atom 354 15.1 Pressure 482 11.1 N ewton’s Law of Universal 15.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth 484 Gravitation Revisited 355 15.3 Pressure Measurements 488 11.2 Structural Models 357 15.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle 488 11.3 Kepler’s Laws 358 15.5 Fluid Dynamics 493 11.4 Energy Considerations in Planetary 15.6 Streamlines and the Continuity Equation for Fluids 493 and Satellite Motion 364 15.7 Bernoulli’s Equation 495 11.5 Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Theory of Hydrogen 368 15.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics 498 11.6 Context Connection: Changing from a Circular 15.9 Context Connection: Turbulent Flow of Blood 499 to an Elliptical Orbit 374 Context 4 | CONCLUSION Context 2 | CONCLUSION Detecting Atherosclerosis and A Successful Mission Plan 384 Preventing Heart Attacks 509 viii  CONTENTS Context 5 | Global Warming 513 19.5 Electric Fields 627 19.6 Electric Field Lines 633 16 Temperature and the Kinetic 19.7 M otion of Charged Particles in a Uniform Electric Field 634 Theory of Gases 515 19.8 Electric Flux 636 16.1 T emperature and the Zeroth Law of 19.9 Gauss’s Law 639 Thermodynamics 516 19.10 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge 16.2 T hermometers and Temperature Scales 517 Distributions 641 16.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 520 19.11 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 644 16.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 525 19.12 Context Connection: The Atmospheric Electric 16.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 527 Field 645 16.6 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 533 20 Electric Potential 16.7 C ontext Connection: The Atmospheric Lapse Rate 535 and Capacitance 656 17 Energy in Thermal Processes: The 20.1 E lectric Potential and Potential Diff erence 657 First Law of Thermodynamics 545 20.2 Potential Diff erence in a Uniform Electric Field 658 17.1 Heat and Internal Energy 546 20.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges 661 17.2 S pecifi c Heat 548 20.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric 17.3 L atent Heat 550 Potential 664 17.4 W ork in Thermodynamic Processes 554 20.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge 17.5 T he First Law of Thermodynamics 557 Distributions 666 17.6 Some Applications of the First Law 20.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor 669 of Thermodynamics 559 20.7 Capacitance 671 17.7 M olar Specifi c Heats of Ideal Gases 562 20.8 Combinations of Capacitors 674 17.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas 564 20.9 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 678 17.9 M olar Specifi c Heats and the Equipartition of Energy 566 20.10 C apacitors with Dielectrics 681 17.10 E nergy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes 568 20.11 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a 17.11 C ontext Connection: Energy Balance for the Earth 573 Capacitor 685 18 Heat Engines, Entropy, and 21 Current and Direct Current the Second Law of Circuits 697 Thermodynamics 586 21.1 E lectric Current 698 18.1 H eat Engines and the Second Law 21.2 R esistance and Ohm’s Law 701 of Thermodynamics 587 21.3 S uperconductors 706 18.2 Reversible and Irreversible Processes 589 21.4 A Model for Electrical Conduction 707 18.3 The Carnot Engine 589 21.5 E nergy and Power in Electric Circuits 710 18.4 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators 592 21.6 S ources of emf 713 18.5 An Alternative Statement of the Second Law 593 21.7 R esistors in Series and Parallel 715 18.6 Entropy 594 21.8 K irchhoff ’s Rules 721 18.7 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 597 21.9 R C Circuits 724 18.8 Entropy Changes in Irreversible Processes 599 21.10 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a 18.9 Context Connection: The Atmosphere as a Heat Conductor 729 Engine 602 Context 5 | CONCLUSION Context 6 | CONCLUSION Predicting the Earth’s Surface Determining the Number Temperature 612 of Lightning Strikes 739 Context 6 | Lightning 617 Context 7 | Magnetism in Medicine 741 19 Electric Forces and 22 Magnetic Forces and Electric Fields 619 Magnetic Fields 743 19.1 Historical Overview 620 22.1 Historical Overview 744 19.2 Properties of Electric Charges 620 22.2 The Magnetic Field 745 19.3 Insulators and Conductors 622 22.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic 19.4 Coulomb’s Law 624 Field 748