PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY BY ELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN GEOGRAPHY, TALE UNIVERSITY SUMNER W. GUSHING LATE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY IN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, SALEM, MASS. SECOND EDITION, REVISED TOTAL ISSUE, THIRTY-THREE THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIMITED 1922 3/ COPYRIGHT, 1920, 1922, BY HELLSWORTH HUNTINGTON AND FRANCES D. GUSHING 10/23 BRAUNWORTH & CO. BOOK MANUFACTURERS BROOKLYN. N. V. PREFACE THE purpose ofthis bookis, first, to setforth thegreatprinciples of geography in its human aspects; second, to provide a compre- hensive, but easily taught text book for students who have reached an age whenthey begintothinkforthemselves; and, third, tofurnish to normal school students and to teachers in elementary schools a book which will give them a solid grounding in the human relation- ships which they are eagerto teach. Manybooks have been written on " anthropogeography,"butthereseemsto begreatneed of a book which sums up the present status of that subject and at the same timetranslatesitintothesimplerterminologyof" humangeography." The method of the book is to take up first the physical back- ground, not dwelling on it technically, but merely sketching the main outlines, and providing an adequate basis if the teacher wishes to go farther. In case of such relatively simple matters as water bodies, little or no physiographic treatment is deemed necessary, for such details as thedifferencebetweenameandering andbraidedriver have little effect on man's activities. Thefundamentalprinciplesof climate, on the other hand, have been quite fully treated because of theirsupreme importanceindeterminingman'smodeoflife. Never- theless, pure meteorology receives less attention than in most of the physiographic text books whichare now themain reliancein teaching advanced geography. After the physical background has been sketched each chapter or part of the book plunges directly into the main theme, that is, the relation of the physiographic environment to man's activities. This is the part of geography which is most interesting, most practical, and most calculated to call forth genuine thought and concen- trated effort on the part ofthe student. It is also the partwhich in most books is more or less incidental or secondary, whereas it is here the primary object. The chief points in which this book differs from other books of geography are, first, its concentration on human relationships; sec- ond, its emphasis on the effects of climate ratherthanupon the phys- ical and meteorological sides of the subject; third, its inclusion of chapters on Vegetation and Diet, two subjects whose geographical iii iv PREFACE significance has been largely overlooked; and fourth, its interpre- tation of political geography. This last part of the subject does notmean thestudy ofpolitical divisions, but ofthe political relation- ships, both domestic and foreign, which arise out of geographic con- ditions. Finallythepresentvolumedepartsfromitspredecessorsbyadding genuine problems to the mere questions which are ordinarily found at the end of chapters. In actual practice it has been found that students take hold of the problems with great eagerness and energy. So many teachers and others have given suggestions of great value in regard to various chapters that it is impossible for the authors to do more than express their deep gratitude to all who have assisted. Special mention should be made, however, of Miss Mary E. Sanders, formerly of Cheltenham College, England, who has assisted in preparing the exercises. NOTE TO SECOND EDITION In the revised edition of this book large parts of Chapter II have been rewritten as have certain sections of Chapters IV, VII, X, and XIII. Minor alterations have been made in many other chapters and new problems have in some cases been added. The following persons have helped materially in the revision by critical reading of the entire book or of parts of it dealing with their specialties. Their kindness is gratefully acknowledged: G. G. Chisholm, Professor of Geography, University of Edinburgh; William Morris Davis, Pro- fessor of Geography, Harvard University; Roland M. Harper, AlabamaGeologicalSurvey; W. J. Humphreys, Professor ofMeteor- ological Physics, United States Weather Bureau; Adolph Knopf, Associate Professor of Petrology, Yale University; D. H. Markham, Professor of Geography, University of Arkansas; H. A. Marnier, . Coast and Geodetic Survey; Stephen S. Visher, Associate Professor of Geography, Indiana University, and A. E. Waller, Professor of Botany, Ohio State University. The revision has also been facilitated through reviews by Dr. . E. P. Brooks, Royal Meteorological Society; Professor R. D. Calkins, State Normal School, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan; the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the Colonies, and India; and especially Professor Harlan H. Barrows of the University of Chicago.