This page intentionally left blank JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 9/21/10 3:07 PM Page i Principles of HUMAN ANATOMY 12 Edition th Gerard J. Tortora Bergen Community College Mark T. Nielsen University of Utah John Wiley & Sons, Inc. JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 10/20/10 6:32 PM Page ii VP & Publisher Kaye Pace Executive Editor Bonnie Roesch Executive Marketing Manager Clay Stone Developmental Editor Karen Trost Senior Media Editor Linda Muriello Project Editor Lorraina Raccuia Contributing Editor Joan Kalkut Program Assistant Lauren Morris Production Manager Dorothy Sinclair Production Editor Sandra Dumas Senior Illustration Editors Anna Melhorn/Claudia Volano Senior Designer Madelyn Lesure Text Designer Brian Salisbury Photo Department Manager Hilary Newman Production Management Services Ingrao Associates Cover Photo Mark Nielsen Page layout was completed by Laura Ierardi, LCI Design. This book was typeset in 10/12 Janson at Aptara®, Inc.and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the communities we serve and where we live and work. In 2008, we launched a Corporate Citizenship Initiative, a global effort to address the environmental, social, economic, and ethical challenges we face in our business. Among the issues we are addressing are carbon impact, paper specifications and procurement, ethical conduct within our business and among our vendors, and community and charitable support. For more information, please visit our website: www.wiley.com/go/citizenship. The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield-harvesting of its timberlands.Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005. © Gerard J. Tortora, Mark T. Nielsen and Biological Sciences Textbooks, Inc. © John Wiley and Sons, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030-5774, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008. Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review purposes only, for use in their courses during thenext academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at www.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.Outside of the United States, please contact your local representative. ISBN 13 978-0470-56705-0 ISBN 13 978-0470-91746-6 Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 10/6/10 4:47 PM Page iii HELPING TEACHERS Principles of Human Anatomy, twelfth edition, is designed AND STUDENTS for introductory courses in human anatomy. The highly success- SUCCEED TOGETHER ful approach of previous editions—to provide students with an accurate, clearly written, and expertly illustrated presentation of the structure of the human body, to offer insights into the connections between structure and func- tion, and to explore the practical and relevant applications of anatomical knowledge to everyday life and career development—has been enhanced in this edition by innovations designed to increase stu- dent motivation and success. An anatomy course can be the gateway to a satisfying career in a host of health-related professions. It can also be incredibly challenging. We have designed the organization and flow of content within these pages based on our deep experience teaching anatomy and interacting with students over many years. We also understand the evolving dynamics of teaching and learning in today’s world. That is why we are so pleased to partner with Wiley to create new and innovative ways to approach the content digitally, using a research-proven design that promotes greater engagement, which leads to improved learning outcomes. Principles of Human Anatomy 12e, integrated with WileyPLUS, builds students’ confidence because it takes the guesswork out of studying by providing students with a clear roadmap (what to do, how to do it, if they did it right). Students will take more initiative so that instructors can have greater impact. On the following pages students will discover the tips and tools needed to make the most of their time studying using text and media. An overview of the changes to this edition and insights into the resources and support available to create dynamic classroom experiences as well as build meaningful assessment opportunities are highlighted for instructors. Both students and instructors alike will be interested in the additional resources available—Real Anatomy and a new Photographic Atlas of Human Anatomy—both sure to enhance your insights into anatomy. Years of experience, and listening to teachers and students like you, have helped us to create solutions that work. We have worked hard to integrate the teaching process with the learning environment—helping students and teachers succeed together. iii JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 01/10/2010 04:23 Page iv N O T E S T O S T U D E N T S The challenges of learning anatomy can be complex Anatomy Is a Visual Science and time consuming. This textbook and WileyPLUS for Anatomy have been carefully designed to maximize Studying the figures in this book is as important as read- your time studying by simplifying the choices you ing the narrative. The tools described here will help you make in deciding what to study, how to study it, and understand the concepts being presented in any figure in assessing your understanding of the content. and assure you get the most out of the visuals. (cid:2) LEGENDRead this first. It explains what the figure is about. (cid:3) KEY CONCEPT STATEMENTIndicated by a “key” icon, this reveals a basic idea portrayed in the figure. (cid:4) ORIENTATION DIAGRAMAdded to many figures, this small diagram helps you understand the perspective from which you are view- ing a particular piece of anatomical art. (cid:3) (cid:5) (cid:2) FIGURE QUESTIONSFound at the bottom of each figure and accompanied by a “ques- tion mark” icon, these serve as a self-check to help you understand the material as you go along. (cid:6) FUNCTIONS BOXESIncluded with selected figures, these provide brief summaries of the functions of the anatomical structure or system depicted. (cid:6) (cid:7) (cid:4) (cid:5) (cid:7) MP3 DOWNLOADSIn each chapter you will find that several illustrations are marked with an icon that looks like an iPod. This indicates that an audio file which narrates and discusses the important elements of that particular illustration is available. You can access the downloads on the student com- panion website or within WileyPLUS. iv JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 01/10/2010 04:23 Page v N O T E S T O S T U D E N T S There are many visual resources within WileyPLUS, in addition to the art from your text. These can help you master the topic you are studying. Examples closely integrated with the reading material include animations, cadaver video clips, and Real Anatomy Views. Anatomy Drill and Practice lets you test your knowledge of structures with simple-to-use drag and drop labeling exercises, or fill-in-the-blank label- ing. You can drill and practice on these activities using illustrations from the text, cadaver photographs, histology micro- graphs, or lab models. Clinical Connections In some cases it is easier to understand the relevance of anatomical structures and the functions they support by considering what happens when they don’t work the way they should. The Clinical Connections, which appear throughout the text, pres- ent a variety of clinical perspectives related to the text discussion. WileyPLUS offers you opportunities for even further Clinical Connections with ani- mated and interactive case studies that relate specifically to one body system or another. Look for these under additional chapter resources as an interesting and engaging break from traditional study routines. v JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 01/10/2010 04:23 Page vi N O T E S T O S T U D E N T S Exhibits Organize Complex Anatomy into Manageable Modules Many topics in this text have been organized to bring together all the anatomical information into (cid:2) a simple-to-navigate content module. You will find Objective to focus your study (cid:3) Exhibits for bones, joints, skeletal muscles, nerves, Overview narrative of structure(s) blood vessels, and surface anatomy. (cid:4) Table summarizing key features of structure(s) (cid:5) Illustrations and photographs (cid:6) Checkpoint question assesses your understanding (cid:7) Clinical Connection provides relevance for learning the details (cid:2) (cid:3) (cid:6) (cid:7) (cid:4) (cid:5) vi JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 01/10/2010 10:45 Page vii N O T E S T O S T U D E N T S Chapter Resources Help You Focus and Review Your book has a variety of special features Mnemonics are a memory aid that can be particularly that will make your time studying anatomy helpful when learning specific anatomical features. a more rewarding experience. These Mnemonics are included throughout the text, some dis- have been developed based on feedback from students— played in figures, tables, or Exhibits and some included like you—who have used previous editions of the text. within the text discussion. We encourage you not only to Their effectiveness is even further enhanced within use the mnemonics provided, but also to create your own WileyPLUS. to help you learn the multitude of terms involved in your study of human anatomy. Chapter Introductions set the stage for the content to come and are followed by an interesting question that Key Medical Terms at the end of chapters include always begins with “Did you ever wonder…?” These selected terms dealing with both normal and pathological questions will capture your interest and encourage you to conditions. find the answer in the chapter material to come. Chapter Review and Resource Summary is a helpful Objectives at the start of each section help you focus on table at the end of chapters that offers you a concise what is important as you read. All of the content within summary of the important concepts from the chapter and WileyPLUS is tagged to these specific learning objectives links each section to the media resources available in so that you can organize your study or review what is still WileyPLUS for Anatomy. not clear in simple, more meaningful ways. Self-Quiz Questions give you an opportunity to evalu- Checkpoint questions at the end of each section help ate your understanding of the chapter as a whole. Within you assess if you have absorbed what you have read. WileyPLUS, use Progress Check to quiz yourself on indi- Take time to review these, or answer them within the vidual or multiple chapters in preparation for exams or Practice section of each WileyPLUS concept module, quizzes. where they will automatically be graded to let you know Critical Thinking Questions are word problems that where you stand. allow you to apply the concepts you have studied in the chapter to specific situations. Mastering the Language of Anatomy Throughout the text we have included Pronunciations can be clicked on and heard pronounced and, sometimes, Word Roots for many terms that may as you read. In addition, you can use the be new to you. These appear in parentheses immediately helpful Mastering Vocabulary program following the new words, and the pronunciations are which creates electronic flash cards for repeated in the glossary at the back of the book. Look at you of the key terms within each chapter for practice, the words carefully and say them out loud several times. as well as the ability to take a self-quiz specifically on Learning to pronounce a new word will help you remem- the terms introduced in each chapter. ber it and make it a useful part of your medical vocabu- To provide more assistance in learning the language of lary. Take a few minutes to read the pronunciation key, anatomy, a full Glossary of terms with phonetic pronun- found at the beginning of the Glossary at the end of this ciations appears at the end of the book. The basic build- text (page G-1), so it will be familiar as you encounter ing blocks of medical terminology—Combining Forms, new words. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes—are listed inside WileyPLUS houses help for you in building your new lan- the back cover, as is a listing of Eponyms, traditional guage skills as well. The Audio Glossary which is always terms that include reference to a person’s name, along available to you lets you hear all these new, unfamiliar with the current terminology. terms pronounced. Throughout the e-text, these terms vii JWCL299_fm_i-xxvi_1.qxd 9/21/10 3:07 PM Page viii N O T E S T O I N S T R U C T O R S Collaborating on this revision has been a rewarding experience for us. We wanted to focus on the elements of the text that we believed would benefit you and your students the most. We are gratified that many reviewer com- ments that helped us shape the changes we made matched so well with our intentions. Globally, we focused on several key areas—the all-important visuals, both drawings and photographs; helping students relate what they are learning to their desired career goals and the world around them by increasing the focus on Clinical Connections; revising tables to increase their effectiveness in organizing detailed content; and making narrative and organizational changes aimed at increasing student engagement with the material. For a detailed list of revisions for each chapter please visit our website at www.wiley.com/college/sc/tortora and click on the text cover. The Art of Anatomy Illustrations throughout the text have been refined. The color palette for the skulls in Chapter 7, and for the brain and spinal cord throughout the text, has been adjusted for greater impact. Increased clarity has been achieved in revised draw- ings of joints, muscles, blood vessels, and regional lymph nodes. In addi- tion, new origin–insertions figures have been added to Chapter 11. viii