Principles and Practice of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry This page intentionally left blank Principles and Practice of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry Edited by Diane H. Schetky, M.D. Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. Washington, DC London, England Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of administration is accurate as of the time of publication and consistent with standards set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the general medical community. As medical research and practice advance, however, therapeutic standards may change. For this reason and because human and mechanical errors sometimes occur, we rec- ommend that readers follow the advice of a physician who is directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family. A product’s current package insert should be consulted for full prescribing and safety information. Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the policies and opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association. Copyright © 2002 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 09 08 07 06 6 5 4 3 2 First Edition American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 1000 Wilson Boulevard Arlington, VA 22209 www.appi.org Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Principles and practice of child and adolescent forensic psychiatry / edited by Diane H. Schetky, Elissa P. Benedek. – 1st. ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-88048-956-1 (alk. paper) 1. Forensic psychiatry. 2. Child psychiatry. 3. Adolescent psychiatry. I. Schetky, Diane H., 1940– II. Benedek, Elissa P. [DNLM: 1. Forensic Psychiatry. 2. Child Abuse. 3. Child Custody. 4. Child Welfare. 5. Commitment of Mentally Ill. 6. Juvenile Delinquency. 7. Violence. W 740 P9575 2002] RA1151.P6736 2002 614´.1–dc21 2001041367 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP record is available from the British Library. Contents Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Foreword: A Voyage of Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Thomas G. Gutheil, M.D. Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Diane H. Schetky, M.D. Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. PART I Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 History of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. 2 Introduction to the Legal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Melvin J. Guyer, J.D., Ph.D. Robert J. Levy, J.D. 3 Forensic Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. 4 Introduction to Forensic Evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. 5 Testifying: The Expert WitnessinCourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. 6 Psychological Testing in Child and Adolescent Forensic Evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Beth K. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. Charles R. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. 7 Vicarious Traumatization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Angela M. Hegarty, M.B., B.Ch., B.A.O. PART II Child Custody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 8 Child Custody Evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Stephen P. Herman, M.D. 9 Parenting Assessment in CasesofNeglect and Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Richard Barnum, M.D. 10 Foster Care and Adoption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 Saul Wasserman, M.D. Alvin Rosenfeld, M.D. Steven Nickman, M.D. 11 Termination of Parental Rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. 12 Transracial and Transcultural Adoption in the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Donna M. Norris, M.D. Yvonne B. Ferguson, M.D., M.P.H. PART III Child Abuse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 13 Developmental Aspects of MemoryinChildren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 Beth K. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. 14 Reliability and Suggestibility of Children’s Statements: From Science to Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Maggie Bruck, Ph.D. Stephen J. Ceci, Ph.D. 15 Interviewing Children for SuspectedSexual Abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Kathleen M. Quinn, M.D. 16 Forensic Issues in Munchausen by Proxy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Herbert A. Schreier, M.D. 17 Clinical and Forensic Aspects of Sexual Harassment in School-Age Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171 Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. Beth K. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. 18 Children and Pornography: Old Problems, New Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. Catherine F. Brown, Ed.M. PART IV Youth Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 19 Neurodevelopmental Impact of Violence in Childhood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Bruce D. Perry, M.D., Ph.D. 20 Domestic Abuse as a Risk FactorforChildren and Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Leah J. Dickstein, M.D. 21 Effects of Witnessing Violence on Children and Adolescents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Cheryl S. Al-Mateen, M.D. 22 Children’s Access to Weapons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Peter Ash, M.D. 23 Risk Assessment of Violence in Youths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. 24 Prevention of Youth Violence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247 Dewey G. Cornell, Ph.D. PART V Juvenile Offenders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 25 Overview of Juvenile Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Carl P. Malmquist, M.D., M.S. 26 Assessment and Treatment of JuvenileOffenders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Debra K. DePrato, M.D. Jill Hayes Hammer, Ph.D. 27 Sexually Aggressive Youth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Jon A. Shaw, M.D. 28 Juvenile Waivers to Adult Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 Charles L. Scott, M.D. 29 State-of-Mind Assessments: Competency and Criminal Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 C. J. Voigt, M.D. Diane E. Heisel, M.D. Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. PART VI Legal Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 30 Legal Issues in the TreatmentofMinors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 JoAnn Macbeth, J.D. 31 Psychiatric Commitment of Childrenand Adolescents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325 Paul M. Brinich, Ph.D. Marc Amaya, M.D. W. V. Burlingame, Ph.D. 32 Legal Aspects of Mental Retardation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 James C. Harris, M.D. 33 Psychic Trauma and Civil Litigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 Diane H. Schetky, M.D. Melvin J. Guyer, J.D., Ph.D. 34 Forensic Telepsychiatry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Philip Merideth, M.D., J.D. Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Cheryl S. Al-Mateen, M.D. W.V. Burlingame, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Departments of Psychiatry and Pe- Clinical Professor, Department of Psychology, Universi- diatrics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Common- ty of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Assistant Consulting wealth University, Richmond, Virginia Professor of Medical Psychology, Department of Psychi- atry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, Marc Amaya, M.D. North Carolina Assistant Professor Emeritus, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, Stephen J. Ceci, Ph.D. North Carolina; Clinical Associate Professor, Depart- Helen L. Carr Professor of Developmental Psychology, ment of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Department of Human Development and Family Stud- Chapel Hill ies, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Peter Ash, M.D. Beth K. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Be- Private Practice, Forensic Psychology, Ann Arbor, Mich- havioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia igan Richard Barnum, M.D. Charles R. Clark, Ph.D., A.B.P.P. Director, Boston Juvenile Court Clinic; Assistant Clinical Private Practice, Forensic Psychology, Ann Arbor, Mich- Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, igan Massachusetts Dewey G. Cornell, Ph.D. Elissa P. Benedek, M.D. Clinical Psychologist and Professor of Education, Curry Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottes- Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan ville, Virginia; Director, Virginia Youth Violence Project, Charlottesville, Virginia Paul M. Brinich, Ph.D. Clinical Professor, Departments of Psychology and Psy- Debra K. DePrato, M.D. chiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; As- Associate Professor of Clinical Public Health and Preven- sociate Consulting Professor of Medical Psychology, tive Medicine; Chief, Section of Forensic Medicine; Pro- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, gram Director, Louisiana State University Health Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Sciences Center Juvenile Corrections Program, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Catherine F. Brown, Ed.M. Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana Executive Editor, Psychiatric News (Newspaper of the American Psychiatric Association), Washington, D.C. Leah J. Dickstein, M.D. Professor and Associate Chair for Academic Affairs; Di- Maggie Bruck, Ph.D. rector, Division of Attitudinal and Behavioral Medicine, Associate Professor, Division of Child and Adolescent Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Asso- Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral ciate Dean for Faculty and Student Advocacy, University Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky Maryland ix