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Primer 02 Antibacterial Resistance Primer PDF

51 Pages·2013·2.77 MB·English
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Preview Primer 02 Antibacterial Resistance Primer

Primer 02 Antibacterial Resistance Primer Patrick R. Murray, Ph.D. Worldwide Director, Scientific Affairs Becton Dickinson Diagnostics Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Pathology University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 1 DISCLOSURES Financial Relationships with Relevant Commercial Interests • Becton Dickinson Diagnostics – Employee and stockholder/ownership interest (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 2 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests • Standardized, reproducible methods for assessing  antibiotic activity • Variety of test methods for “routine” tests have been  developed including manual and automated methods  that can provide results either rapidly or after overnight  incubation. • Guidelines for performing the tests are defined in the  Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)  documents. • Specialized tests developed for specific applications – Beta‐lactamase tests (e.g., nitrocephin test; ESBL test,  modified Hodge test) – Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus (mecA test) – Inducible clindamycin resistance (D test) (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 3 CLSI Documents ‐ Examples • M2 – Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility  Tests • M7 – Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for  Bacteria that Grow Aerobically • M11 – Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of  Anaerobic Bacteria • M24 – Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and  Other Aerobic Actinomycetes • M27 – Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal  Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts • M33 ‐ Antiviral Susceptibility Testing: Herpes Simplex Virus • M44 – Method for Antifungal Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Testing  of Yeasts • M100 – Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility  Testing (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests • Two general forms of susceptibility tests are used: • Antibiotic dilution in agar (rarely used today) or broth  • Antibiotic diffusion in agar • Agar and broth dilution • Serial dilutions of antibiotics are added to either broth or  agar and then inoculated with the test organism. • After incubation for a defined time, the minimum  concentration of the antibiotic than inhibits the test  organism (MIC) is determined. • Agar diffusion • Antibiotics in a paper disk (e.g. Kirby‐Bauer) or strip (E test)  is placed onto a lawn of bacteria. • After overnight incubation, the size of the area of inhibited  bacterial growth is correlated to antibiotic susceptibility or  resistance. • Results of dilution and diffusion tests are directly  related. (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 5 Broth Dilution Tests • Broth dilution tests are most commonly  performed in microtiter trays. In this  example, 8 antibiotics (A‐H) are serially  diluted. Growth in the lowest antibiotic  concentrations is indicated by turbidity  (arrow); inhibition of growth by clear  wells. • The endpoint (MIC) is influenced by: – Susceptibility test medium – Concentration of the test organisms – Stability of the antibiotic – Incubation conditions (time,  temperature, atmosphere) – Susceptibility of the organism to the  antibiotic • If all variables are controlled, then the  MIC = susceptibility (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 6 Kirby‐Bauer Disk Diffusion • A suspension of the test organism is spread  over the agar surface and then antibiotic disks  are placed on the plate. Areas of inhibited  growth form after overnight incubation.  • The size of the zone of inhibited growth is  influenced by: – Susceptibility test medium – Concentration of the test organisms – Incubation conditions – Rate of growth of the test organism – Concentration of the antibiotic in the disk – Diffusion of the antibiotic in the agar – Susceptibility of the organism to the antibiotic • Interpretive standards are developed for each  antibiotic correlating the size of the zone of  inhibition with MIC values when the test is  performed under standardized conditions. (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 7 E Test • Essentially an agar diffusion test • Varying concentrations of an antibiotic  are spotted on the commercially  prepared strip. • Diffusion of the antibiotics on a lawn of  bacteria establishes a gradient of  concentrations; progressively increasing  circles of inhibited growth form around  each antibiotic spot on the strip  merging into an elliptical pattern. • Point where zone of inhibited growth  intersects with the strip is calibrated to  correspond to the MIC. (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 8 “Automated” Susceptibility Tests • Commercial companies have  automated broth dilution susceptibility  tests, combining identification tests  with antimicrobial susceptibility tests. – BD Phoenix ID/AST system – Siemens MicroScan ID/AST system – Vitek 2 ID/AST system • The tests systems, based on broth  dilution tests, are widely used,  generally accurate, and frequently can  provide results rapidly (6‐8 hr for many  organism‐antibiotic combinations) • One compromise – in order to provide  testing of a wide spectrum of  antibiotics, only a limited number of  antibiotic concentrations are tested. (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 9 Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms, Susceptibility  Patterns, and In Vitro Tests • Bacterial resistance to specific groups of antibiotics can either be  innate or acquired; additionally, expression of resistance can be  constitutive (always expressed) or inducible.  • An understanding of resistance mechanisms is important for  predicting resistance in bacteria species as well as selecting the  appropriate test for determining resistance. • Mechanisms of resistance, as well as susceptibility patterns and  tests, will be presented for the following classes of antibiotics: β‐lactams Glycopeptides Aminoglycosides Macrolides Clindamycin Tetracyclines Linezolid Quinolones Lipopeptides Streptogramins Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board Review Course 10

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Becton Dickinson Diagnostics. Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Pathology. University of Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland. (c) 2013 Infectious Disease Board
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