The Project Gutenberg EBook of Presiding Ladies of the White House, by Lila Graham Alliger Woolfall This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Presiding Ladies of the White House containing biographical appreciations together with a short history of the Executive mansion and a treatise on its etiquette and customs Author: Lila Graham Alliger Woolfall Commentator: Margaret E. Sangster Release Date: October 5, 2017 [EBook #55679] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRESIDING LADIES--WHITE HOUSE *** Produced by MFR and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) EAST ENTRANCE OF EXECUTIVE MANSION Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. PRESIDING LADIES OF THE WHITE HOUSE CONTAINING BIOGRAPHICAL APPRECIATIONS TOGETHER WITH A SHORT HISTORY OF THE EXECUTIVE MANSION AND A TREATISE ON ITS ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS BY LILA G. A. WOOLFALL WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY MARGARET E. SANGSTER ILLUSTRATED WITH SYMBOLIC BORDERS AND REPRODUCTIONS IN PHOTOGRAVURE OF THE FIRST LADIES OF THE LAND Published by Bureau of National Literature and Art Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1903, by BUREAU OF NATIONAL LITERATURE AND ART CONTENTS Transcriber’s Note: Page numbers have been removed because there were so many blank pages in the original book. Links go directly to the relevant chapter or section. PAGE Introduction 13 Martha Washington 19 Abigail Adams 23 Martha Jefferson Randolph 27 Dorothy Paine Madison 31 Elizabeth Kortright Monroe 35 Louisa Catherine Adams 39 Rachel Donelson Jackson 43 Angelica Van Buren 47 Anna Symmes Harrison 51 Letitia Christian Tyler 55 Sarah Childress Polk 59 Margaret Smith Taylor 63 Abigail Fillmore 67 Jane Appleton Pierce 71 Harriet Lane 75 Mary Todd Lincoln 79 Eliza McCardle Johnson 83 Julia Dent Grant 87 Lucy Ware Webb Hayes 91 Lucretia Rudolph Garfield 95 Mary Arthur McElroy 99 Frances Folsom Cleveland 103 Caroline Scott Harrison 107 Ida Saxton McKinley 111 Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt 115 The White House 121 The East Room 122 The Blue Room 125 The Red Room 125 The Green Room 126 State and Private Dining Rooms 126 The Library 129 The Executive Office 129 Official Etiquette 135 ILLUSTRATIONS Transcriber’s Note: Page numbers have been removed because there were so many blank pages in the original book. Links go directly to the relevant illustration. OPPOSITE PAGE East Entrance of Executive Mansion Frontispiece Adams, Abigail 23 Adams, Louisa Catherine 39 Cleveland, Frances Folsom 103 Fillmore, Abigail 67 Garfield, Lucretia Rudolph 95 Grant, Julia Dent 87 Harrison, Anna Symmes 51 Harrison, Caroline Scott 107 Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb 91 Jackson, Rachel Donelson 43 Johnson, Eliza McCardle 83 Lane, Harriet 75 Lincoln, Mary Todd 79 Madison, Dorothy Paine 31 McElroy, Mary Arthur 99 McKinley, Ida Saxton 111 Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright 35 Pierce, Jane Appleton 71 Polk, Sarah Childress 59 Randolph, Martha Jefferson 27 Roosevelt, Edith Kermit Carow 115 Taylor, Margaret Smith 63 Tyler, Letitia Christian 55 Van Buren, Angelica 47 Washington, Martha 19 Blue Room 125 East Room 121 The Library 130 State Dining Room 126 INTRODUCTION America stands to-day among the greatest and most progressive of the nations of the earth; and as the law of nations from earliest times has been the decline and fall of one, as another rises to prëeminence, it would seem that this great land of ours is fast soaring towards the highest pinnacle of national attainment. If a nation is great, it is made so by the men who make and enforce its laws, who fill its positions of trust, who manipulate its finances, and who prove worthy citizens of the land of their birth or adoption. And who are responsible for the men? Are not the women, the wives and mothers of the nation, the bearers of this great burden of responsibility? No nation has ever risen, or can rise above the level of its women, and in no other country is this truth more obviously demonstrated than in our own beloved and favored land. Reasoning thus, we find that the American woman not only holds a high position of trust, but it is conceded by all who know her, that she fills it worthily, and is capable of meeting the varied demands upon her with rare tact and skill. There are no women in the world to-day who are more truly the cynosure of all eyes, than are our own. They stand in the glare of public life in the highest circles of their own land, and are closely allied to royalty abroad, participating in, or presiding at, many of the functions of almost every foreign court, and everywhere the homage which is their due is freely accorded them. There are two attributes of the American woman which are undeniably predominant in her nature, and these are adaptability and individuality. They are displayed by the members of all ranks and classes, but probably the twenty-five women who form the coterie of “First Ladies of the Land” in our republican court at Washington, have had as great, if not greater, opportunities for exercising these qualities than any who have entered only into court life abroad. “Noblesse oblige” is true in all stations of life, whether it be the nobility of honorable living or of high social birth, but in royal circles there is a code of etiquette which is enforced from generation to generation, just as royal sons and daughters are born to royal parents, and so its followers abide by its mandates as a matter of course. In a democratic country like America, no such rule obtains, for the children of a President of the United States, after their father’s term expires, may relapse into social inconspicuousness and seldom appear before the public, instead of, as in royalty, inheriting their father’s official greatness. We have but one instance of the son of a President following in his father’s footsteps, and only one where a grandson did likewise. The wife of a President may have been born in affluence and social prominence, or she may have passed her early years in the humblest environment, as was the case with a number of the women who have presided at the White House, but in every instance the duties of hostess have been faithfully and creditably discharged, while natural ease, grace and tact, combined with this wonderful power of adaptation, have rendered the hospitality of the White House unquestionably refined, and marked by the highest breeding. Some of the women who have held this exalted position have been called to it while little more than young girls, and others have assumed its responsibilities and obligations late in life, yet all have upheld the dignity of the nation of whose social life they were, for the time being, the highest exponents. Can this always be said of the life at foreign courts? When we consider the laxity and licentiousness of some of the so-called nobility, and the freedom of royal personages in their accepted code of morals, we realize that the life at the White House at Washington, makes for all that is pure in social life, having had no breath of scandal attaching to it in all the years since its establishment, and having set an example of moral righteousness for all the homes in the country at whose head it stands. The individuality of each hostess has left its imprint upon the history of her time from the pomp and ceremony of Martha Washington’s régime, to the greater freedom from restraint of that of “Dolly Madison.” We hear also of the extreme “simplicity” of Jefferson’s administration and the social festivities which marked Mrs. Grant’s residence at the White House. Mrs. Polk abolished dancing, while Mrs. Hayes banished wine, from their entertainments. Mrs. Fillmore founded the library, for of books there were none when she was installed as mistress of the White House; and Mrs. McElroy marked the administration of her brother, Chester A. Arthur, with the acme of refined hospitality. The list might be prolonged, but instances enough have been cited to show that while the women who preside over the nation’s home at Washington, must conform to certain accepted rules of etiquette, there is left sufficient scope for each to display individual tastes and characteristics, without in any way lowering the tone of the social life of the (signature) Margaret E. Sangster Executive Mansion. The author who has with marvelous industry and good taste, written these condensed biographies of our country’s most eminent women, deserves the thanks of all; yet such short sketches as are embodied in this volume, can give but little knowledge of facts concerning lives with so much interest attaching to them that a history of each would offer absorbing entertainment to the lover of biography, but they can serve to enlighten every intelligent reader sufficiently to arouse a desire for more information relating to these women, famous in the story of their country’s social and political events, and to awaken a feeling of pride that these queens of a republican court have no peers in any foreign realm. Martha Washington FIRST PRESIDING LADY 1789-1797 Martha Dandridge, of Virginia, was married at nineteen years of age to Daniel Parke Custis. At an early age she was left a widow with two children, Martha and John Parke Custis. In 1759 she married George Washington, thus becoming the wife of the first President of the United States. Accomplished, wealthy and fascinating, fond of ceremony, yet hospitable, her entertainments at Mt. Vernon were world-famous. The White House was not erected until after Washington’s death, hence she never presided there. New York being the Capital of the Country during Washington’s administration her court was held in that city, refined taste and abundant wealth admitting of appropriate display. Her patriotism was equal to that of her husband and led her through many trying scenes and privations during the Revolution. She died in her seventy-first year, having gradually failed in health since her husband’s death, nearly three years previous. MARTHA WASHINGTON Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Abigail Adams SECOND PRESIDING LADY 1797-1801 Abigail Smith, of Weymouth, Mass., became the wife of John Adams at twenty. Ill health during her early years retarded her education, but her strong mind overcame this difficulty. Her letters to her husband and her son prove her mental powers and strong character, and many of them have been published on account of their literary and historical value. During her husband’s term the Capital was removed to Washington, and, though the White House was not yet completed, and the city was only a straggling town, the ceremony of Washington’s time was resumed there during her short reign of only half a year. In private life she was her husband’s constant companion, until, at the age of seventy- four, eight years prior to her husband’s death, she died, leaving the record of a unique life. She was the mother, as well as the wife, of a President, John Quincy Adams being the eldest of her three sons, and in this respect she stands alone. ABIGAIL ADAMS Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Martha Jefferson Randolph THIRD PRESIDING LADY 1801-1809 Martha Jefferson Randolph, the elder of the President’s two daughters, presided at the White House whenever possible during her father’s administrations, his wife having died nineteen years before his election. The White House, however, during his terms, was practically without a mistress, although at times Mrs. Madison also acted in that capacity. Mrs. Randolph was eminently fitted for such a sphere, but was able to assume its duties only twice. Having received the advantages of foreign education and travel, and the continual association with men of letters, she was a most brilliant woman, and had her tastes been less domestic she would have shone in society. She gave her father unremitting care when, after his retirement from public life, he settled at his estate Monticello, where two years after his death her husband also passed away. Monticello was then sold and the remaining eight years of her life were spent among her children. MARTHA JEFFERSON RANDOLPH Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Dorothy Paine Madison FOURTH PRESIDING LADY 1809-1817 Dorothy Paine, a Quaker, first married at nineteen, John Todd, a young lawyer of Philadelphia. One year after his death, when twenty-two, she married James Madison. Her kind heart, frank, cordial manners, and personal beauty made her very popular. When she presided at the White House her tact, ready recognition of every one, and her remembrance of events concerning them increased this feeling. Although her entertainments lacked the ceremony of past administrations, “Dolly” Madison was considered a charming hostess. While she was extremely charitable, she always dispensed her husband’s wealth with prudence and judgment. The war of 1812 showed her true nobility in many ways, and it was she who saved the Stuart portrait of Washington when the British were about to pillage and burn the White House. The Government bought from her Madison’s Record of the Debates in Congress from 1782- 1787, for $30,000. DOROTHY PAINE MADISON Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Elizabeth Kortright Monroe FIFTH PRESIDING LADY 1817-1825 Elizabeth Kortright was the daughter of a retired captain in the British Army, who, after the peace of 1783, remained in New York. She married Mr. Monroe there during a session of Congress, but later the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia, where they resided until 1794, when Monroe was made Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to France. Her husband’s several foreign positions of trust obliged them to live much abroad. She saved the life of Madame de Lafayette, who, upon the very day of Mrs. Monroe’s call at the prison, was to have been beheaded; but the powerful support of the American Minister’s wife caused her liberation. Mrs. Monroe was elegant, accomplished, dignified and charming, and her “drawing rooms” were more ceremonious than those of Mrs. Madison. She died suddenly, one year before her husband, who spent the remainder of his life with his daughter Mrs. Gouverneur in New York. ELIZABETH KORTRIGHT MONROE Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Louisa Catherine Adams SIXTH PRESIDING LADY 1825-1829 Louisa Catherine Johnson was born and educated in London. She met John Quincy Adams there, and they were married in 1797. His father, becoming President, transferred him to Berlin, where she accompanied him. During Jefferson’s terms America was their home, after which Monroe appointed Mr. Adams Minister to Russia, where nearly six years were spent. In 1815 he was made Minister to England. When Napoleon was returning from Elba, Mrs. Adams, traveling from Russia to rejoin her husband at Paris, after several escapes entered the city just after Napoleon’s arrival and the flight of the Bourbons. Having graced such high positions, she was eminently fitted to preside at the White House, but ill-health incapacitated her, although at the time Mr. Adams was Secretary of State they entertained most agreeably. When Lafayette last visited America he was entertained by Mr. and Mrs. Adams at the Executive Mansion. LOUISA CATHERINE ADAMS Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Rachel Donelson Jackson SEVENTH PRESIDING LADY Rachel Donelson, wife of Andrew Jackson, died the December before the inauguration. Therefore the position of Presiding Lady was accorded to her niece, Emily Donelson, wife of Major Andrew J. Donelson, private secretary to the President. His adopted son’s wife, Sarah Yorke Jackson, presided at the Hermitage then, and for many years. Mrs. Donelson was very young when called upon to fulfil her social duties; but innate refinement, ease, grace, dignity and various accomplishments rendered her capable of adding much to this period’s noted brilliancy. All admired her, even when party spirit quenched unbiased judgment. In all points of etiquette she was arbiter, the President deferring everything to her opinion. Her four children were born in the White House. Early in 1836 she returned to Tennessee, as her health was failing, hoping for renewed strength; but consumption developed, and her death followed in December of the same year. RACHEL DONELSON JACKSON Copyright 1903, by Bureau of National Literature & Art. Angelica Van Buren EIGHTH PRESIDING LADY 1839-1841 Angelica Singleton was presented by her cousin, Mrs. Madison, to President Van Buren, in 1837, and in the following year married his son, Major Van Buren. On New Year’s day, 1839, she assumed her place as hostess of the White House, as Hannah Hoes, the wife of Martin Van Buren had died in 1819, leaving him a widower when elected President. This was a great loss, for she would have filled well the exalted position occupied in later years by her eldest son’s wife. The next spring Major Van Buren and his wife went abroad, where they received most flattering attentions, attributed to their high standing in America, and also to Mrs. Van Buren’s exceeding charm of features, form and manner, and long ancestral descent. They were invited to dine at the Palace of St. Cloud, where they were entertained with a