Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography SeriesEditors: William Cartwright, Georg Gartner, Liqiu Meng, MichaelP.Peterson Markus Jobst Editor Preservation in Digital Cartography Archiving Aspects 123 Editor Dr.techn.MarkusJobst AustrianFederalOfficefor MetrologyandSurveying InformationmanagementI1/INSPIRE Schiffamtsgasse1-3 A-1020Vienna Austria [email protected] ISSN1863-2246 e-ISSN1863-2351 ISBN978-3-642-12732-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-12733-5 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-12733-5 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010936135 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin LayoutandPrepress:Jobstmedia,Austria(www.jobstmedia.at) Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface This book “Preservation in Digital Cartography: Archiving Aspects” should give an overview on how to preserve digital cartographic applica- tions and geospatial data in a sustainable way. The intention of this book is to shape the opinion of affected parties and to bring together various dis- ciplines. Therefore adjacent chapters will generally deal with information technologies, Service-Oriented Architectures, cybercartography, reproduc- tion and historic cartography, which all together can be subsumed in pro- spective cartographic heritage. The survival of this digital cartographic heritage will base on long-term preservation strategies that make use of ex- tensive dissemination on the one hand and sustainable digital archiving methods on the other. This includes a massive development of paradigm that expands from “store-and-save” to “keep-it-online”. The paradigm “store-and-save” is mainly used for analogue masters that consist of stor- age media, like vellum, and their visible content. Avoiding the storage me- dia from degeneration in climate-controlled areas will help to keep the content accessible. In the digital domain the high interdependency of stor- age media, format, device and applications leads to the paradigm “keep-it- online” which for example describes the migration to new storage devices. In fact this expansion of paradigm means that the digital domain calls for ongoing actions in order to preserve cartography for a long term. The topics within this book span from a prospective cartographic herit- age´s complexity, aspects of geospatial preservation, problems in keeping digital cartography online to pragmatic considerations for a prospective cartographic heritage. The contributions of this book will describe and help to identify main foci of preservation in digital cartography supported by state-of-the-art practices and experience reports. The first section focuses on complexity of a prospective digital carto- graphic heritage. Especially the field of cybercartography, which uses in- teractive, dynamic, multisensory formats with employing multimedia and multimodal interfaces, and new developments of cartographic communica- tion, especially neo-cartography with its massive use of Geo- and Map Services in Service Oriented Architectures (SOA), lead to unsolved archiv- ing topics, which necessitate new methods, structures and technologies. V I Preface The second section deals with sustainability in terms of geospatial pre- servation. Sustainability concerns various aspects in cartographic heritage, where the change of media carrier from analogue to digital, the accessibil- ity of content in terms of various formats, codings and (hard- and software) requirements have to be addressed. Additionally this section may show up main difficulties in long-term accessibility of digital media and possible methods to ensure long-term accessibility of digital cartography. Standard- ization initiatives, like the data preservation working group of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), are one keyfactor for the sustainable pre- servation of geospatial data. Sustainability by means of accessibility fo- cuses on needs, formats and relationships for enabling long-term data col- lections on the one hand and data mining (finding the right content) on the other hand. The third section lists experience reports on keeping digital cartography online, which is an important part of preservation in digital cartography. Only the knowledge and consciousness of digital cartographic heritage al- low for designing appropriate preservation strategies and making expenses on their implementations in order to assure this heritage for future times. These selected examples will give an introduction to the viewpoint of a di- gital library and cartographic archive. The section will be concluded with a chapter on user-friendly access to geospatial data collections, which high- lights the importance of WYSIWYG interfaces. The fourth section discusses pragmatic considerations, which span from reproduction quality to legal issues in Service-Oriented Architectures. The chapter on digital reproduction compares advantages of direct digitaliza- tion versus hybrid methods in terms of long-term preservation. The Arcan- um project highlights difficulties due to administration change and their in- fluence on cartographic heritage applications. At least the development of distributed digital map libraries leads to an intellectual property rights ap- proach that should be considered in future distributed applications. Finally the editor likes to appreciate the support of following institu- tions, which gave their benefit to realize this book: • The Research Group Cartography at the Vienna University of Technology and the Hasso Plattner Institute at the University of Potsdam encouraged the editor in his interest on preserving digital cartography with several discussion- and working opportunities although this was not their specific research area. • The Institute of Cartography at the Technical University of Dresden granted access to personal knowledge resources, material and Preface V II reproduction camera for comparing studies in the field of reproduction quality. • The Commission on “Digital Technologies in Cartographic Heritage” of the International Cartographic Association (ICA) provided an adequate discussion- and presentation forum for acquired experiences, ongoing ideas and developments in digital cartographic heritage. As one result of these discussions several members contributed their experiences in this book. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their support, understanding and patience during the last months whenever I had to work on this book on weekends and holidays. To Beatrix and Paula... “My heritage has been my grounding, and it has brought me peace.” Maureen O'Hara “Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.” World Heritage Definition of UNESCO Septemb er 2 0 1 0 , Markus Jobst About the Contributers Renate Becker is CEO of GIS-Service GmbH she founded in 1999. The company focuses on services for environmental agencies and mining com- panies by providing expertise in the fields of data preparation, manage- ment and analysis, particular for hydrological and mining applications. Miguel Ángel Bernabé-Poveda has a BSc. in Land Surveying, a MSc. in Fine Arts and a PhD. in Education. He is currently Professor in Carto- graphy (Technical University of Madrid), and Head of the MERCATOR Research Group. Uwe M. Borghoff holds Diploma and Doctoral degrees in Computer Sci- ence from the Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. In 1993, he was awarded the postdoctoral university lecturing qualification (Habilitation) in Computer Science. He worked at the Technische Uni- versität München for seven years as research scientist before joining the Xerox Research Centre Europe (formerly Rank Xerox Research Centre) at the Grenoble Laboratory, France, in 1994. At Xerox, he was Senior Scient- ist, project leader, and group leader of the coordination technology area. In 1998, he joined the Faculty of the Universität der Bundeswehr München, Munich, Germany, where he is a full professor of Computer Science at the Institute for Software Technology. Jens Bove was born 1969 in Minden, Germany. From 1991 to 1996 he studied Art History, German Literature und Media Sciences in Marburg. Since 1993 he is working for the German Documentation Center of Art History - Bildarchiv Foto Marburg, finished his PhD in 2001 on the work of Conceptual Pop Artist Richard Hamilton. 2002 to 2003 Managing Dir- ector of Foto Marburg. Since 2003 he is the Head of the Deutsche Fo- tothek in the Saxon State Library. Manfred F. Buchroithner (born in 1950) is Full Professor of Cartography at and Director of the Institute for Cartography (IfC) of the Dresden Uni- versity of Technology (TUD). He holds degrees in both Geology & Pale- ontology (Graz, Austria) and Cartography and Remote Sensing (ITC, NL)