AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus Preparing for the Extra class license exam Author: Jack Tiley AD7FO Revision: 2.00 (February 20, 2013) Required For this class : • Copy of ARRL Tenth Edition of the Extra Class License Manual or recent copy of the ARRL Handbook (both are available from ARRL or ham radio retailers). • Scientific Calculator that you can operate. Available from stores like Wal-Mart and office supply stores for $15 or less. o Add, Subtract, Multiply and Divide o Base Ten Logarithms o Simple trigonometric functions o Squares, Square root • A printed copy of this syllabus. • Pencil/pen and note pad to take notes and work out problems • Access to a computer with internet access at home or at a library to take practice exams. • A desire to study, Learn and ask questions. Rev 2.00 Page 1 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus Amateur Radio Extra Class License Class Syllabus Author: Jack Tiley AD7FO This material is based on the July 1, 2012Extra Class Question Pool with additional information added to explain the answers. Questions are shown with the correct answer only, which in the authors view makes it easier when you see the other choices in your exam to identify the correct answer. Question numbers have been included so you can go to the ARRL Extra Class License Manual questions in the back of the manual to see the other answer choices and for the referenced page(s) in the License Manual that will provide further explanation of the subject. It is not required, that you have your own copy of the ARRL (American Radio Relay League) Extra class license manual for the class which is available for purchase from ARRL publication sales on the ARRL web site and through amateur radio dealers. If you want more technical detail the author suggests you acquire a copy of a recent ARRL Handbook to help you understand the topics covered in this syllabus. Handbooks a few years old are fine and frequently available for reasonable prices at hamfests. Many of the illustrations used were copied from the ARRL Handbook CD-ROM and scanned from the license manual with permission from the copyright owner, ARRL, as well as other public sites on the web. This document has been written to assist instructors and students and may be distributed freely as long as no charge for the material is made, except for reproduction costs associated with delivering paper copies or electronic copies on CD-ROM(cid:8217)s and this note of copyright permission is not removed. While every effort was made to insure the accuracy of the material herein, this material was prepared by an ordinary human, and there is always the possibility that a few typographical or other errors may remain. If you find any errors your feedback would be appreciated by the author who can be contacted at [email protected] . Additional information and resources to help you study for the Extra Class License can be found on the ARRL web site at www.arrl.org/eclm . This site has articles and resources for reference materials on all aspects of the exam questions and links to math tutorials for those who have not used any algebra or trigonometry recently (the level of math required for the Extra Class License is not that difficult to master). About the author A retired Electrical Engineer with 44 years(cid:8217) experience ten years in the measurements/metrology field and thirty four years in the electronics and communications field with Hewlett Packard Test Instrument Group, now Agilent Technologies. Author contact Information: [email protected] Hobbies (cid:8226) Amateur Radio, Test Equipment, Electronics in general (cid:8226) Attending every hamfests I can, including Hamvention in Dayton Ohio (cid:8226) Developing and presenting technical training for amateur radio. Teaching and mentoring § I Teach Technician, General and Extra License Classes (with training materials I have written) § I wrote and taught Emcomm I training and have written training for the new 4th edition emcomm training course. § I have written 20+ other training presentations for amateur radio. Contact the author if you are interested in using them for your local amateur radio meetings. § ARRL Eastern Washington Technical Coordinator and Spokane County Technical specialist. § Technical training for the Spokane County ARES/RACES Group and the Inland Empire VHF Club Inland Empire VHF Club www.vhfclub.org § Director 2009 thru 2012 § President 2012- current Other ARRL Appointments: § ARRL VE (Volunteer Examiner) § ARRL Registered Instructor § ARRL Certified EMCOMM instructor Rev 2.00 Page 2 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus Guide to using this syllabus. Each question from the license manual is shown in bold type----- E1A04 The first two characters are the license class sub element number ---E1A04 ---for Extra class subelement 1. The next letter identifies the group in the sub element ---E1A04 -- and the groups are in alphabetical order. The last two characters are the question number in the group -- E1A04-- in numerical order starting with 01. If the question number is followed by another number in brackets, like 1A12 [97.301, 97.305], the number in Brackets refers to a specific regulation in part 97 0f the FCC rules governing amateur radio. This Syllabus was written to teach the material not just teach the answers, although it can be used that way. When the Author teaches this class it includes equipment and theory demonstrations and (cid:8220)chalk Talk(cid:8221). If you plan to teach classes using this syllabus visit the Inland Empire VHF Club website at www.vhfclub.org contact the author for a copy of the instructors guide. The author offers additional explanations and graphics when felt that it would aid in understanding. These explanations and comments and explanations are shown in bold blue italicized text as shown below: Telemetry is a technology that allows the remote measurement (cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230)(cid:8230). In problems involving math solutions are shown with precision that may be greater than the test answers (they may be rounded up or down) to allow you to verify your own solution to the problem. The following is an example: Z= SQR(X² + (XL (cid:8211)Xc)²) or Z= SQR( 400² + (0 - 300)²) or Z= SQR(250,000) or Z= 500 (cid:937) Angle is arc tan (reactance/resistance) or arc tan (300/400) or arc tan (.75) or 36.86° The author suggests you look at the number of questions in each sub element and if there is one element you find particularly difficult consider concentrating on those areas you find easier to learn. Keep in mind you need a 74% passing score on the 50 question exam (you can get 13 wrong and still pass). If you can, find a local Ham to (cid:8220)Elmer(cid:8221) you on the difficult areas or locate a formal class in your area (check ARRL web site and local club web sites for listings). You can also check the ARRL Web Site or ARRL Section Web Sites for a volunteer Technical Specialist in your area who may be able provide some (cid:8220)Elmering(cid:8221) as well. While studying take the online exams that are available from a number of sites to check your progress and for review: http://aa9pw.com/radio/ http://www.eham.net/exams/ http://www.qrz.com/ham/ Check with the author at [email protected] the www.vhfclub.org web site if you are using this syllabus to make sure you have the latest revision. Rev 2.00 Page 3 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus SYLLABUS SUBELEMENT E1 - COMMISSION(cid:8217)S RULES [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups] E1A Operating Standards: frequency privileges; emission standards; automatic message forwarding; frequency sharing; stations aboard ships or aircraft E1B Station restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating restrictions, spurious emissions, control operator reimbursement; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations E1C Station control: definitions and restrictions pertaining to local, automatic and remote control operation; control operator responsibilities for remote and automatically controlled stations E1D Amateur Satellite service: definitions and purpose; license requirements for space stations; available frequencies and bands; telecommand and telemetry operations; restrictions, and special provisions; notification requirements E1E Volunteer examiner program: definitions, qualifications, preparation and administration of exams; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements E1F Miscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; national quiet zone; business communications; compensated communications; spread spectrum; auxiliary stations; reciprocal operating privileges; IARP and CEPT licenses; third party communications with foreign countries; special temporary authority SUBELEMENT E2 - OPERATING PROCEDURES [5 Exam Questions - 5 Groups] E2A Amateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite hardware; satellite operations E2B Television practices: fast scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques E2C Operating methods: contest and DX operating; spread-spectrum transmissions; selecting an operating frequency E2D Operating methods: VHF and UHF digital modes; APRS E2E Operating methods: operating HF digital modes; error correction SUBELEMENT E3 - RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION [3 Exam Questions - 3 Groups] E3A Propagation and technique, Earth-Moon-Earth communications; meteor scatter E3B Propagation and technique, trans-equatorial; long path; gray-line; multi-path propagation E3C Propagation and technique, Aurora propagation; selective fading; radio-path horizon; take-off angle over flat or sloping terrain; effects of ground on propagation; less common propagation modes SUBELEMENT E4 - AMATEUR PRACTICES [5 Exam Questions - 5 Groups] E4A Test equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum and network analyzers, antenna analyzers; oscilloscopes; testing transistors; RF measurements E4B Measurement technique and limitations: instrument accuracy and performance limitations; probes; techniques to minimize errors; measurement of "Q"; instrument calibration E4C Receiver performance characteristics, phase noise, capture effect, noise floor, image rejection, MDS, signal-to-noise-ratio; selectivity Rev 2.00 Page 4 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus E4D Receiver performance characteristics, blocking dynamic range, intermodulation and cross-modulation interference; 3rd order intercept; desensitization; pre-selection E4E Noise suppression: system noise; electrical appliance noise; line noise; locating noise sources; DSP noise reduction; noise blankers SUBELEMENT E5 - ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] E5A Resonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits: series and parallel resonance; Q; half-power bandwidth; phase relationships in reactive circuits E5B Time constants and phase relationships: RLC time constants: definition; time constants in RL and RC circuits; phase angle between voltage and current; phase angles of series and parallel circuits E5C Impedance plots and coordinate systems: plotting impedances in polar coordinates; rectangular coordinates E5D AC and RF energy in real circuits: skin effect; electrostatic and electromagnetic fields; reactive power; power factor; coordinate systems SUBELEMENT E6 - CIRCUIT COMPONENTS [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups] E6A Semiconductor materials and devices: semiconductor materials germanium, silicon, P-type, N-type; transistor types: NPN, PNP, junction, field-effect transistors: enhancement mode; depletion mode; MOS; CMOS; N-channel; P-channel E6B Semiconductor diodes E6C Integrated circuits: TTL digital integrated circuits; CMOS digital integrated circuits; gates E6D Optical devices and toroids: cathode-ray tube devices; charge-coupled devices (CCDs); liquid crystal displays (LCDs); toroids: permeability, core material, selecting, winding E6E Piezoelectric crystals and MMICs: quartz crystals; crystal oscillators and filters; monolithic amplifiers E6F Optical components and power systems: photoconductive principles and effects, photovoltaic systems, optical couplers, optical sensors, and optoisolators SUBELEMENT E7 - PRACTICAL CIRCUITS [8 Exam Questions - 8 Groups] E7A Digital circuits: digital circuit principles and logic circuits: classes of logic elements; positive and negative logic; frequency dividers; truth tables E7B Amplifiers: Class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; spurious and parasitic suppression; microwave amplifiers E7C Filters and matching networks: filters and impedance matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter characteristics; impedance matching; DSP filtering E7D Power supplies and voltage regulators E7E Modulation and demodulation: reactance, phase and balanced modulators; detectors; mixer stages; DSP modulation and demodulation; software defined radio systems E7F Frequency markers and counters: frequency divider circuits; frequency marker generators; frequency counters E7G Active filters and op-amps: active audio filters; characteristics; basic circuit design; operational amplifiers E7H Oscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct digital synthesizers Rev 2.00 Page 5 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus SUBELEMENT E8 - SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] E8A AC waveforms: sine, square, sawtooth and irregular waveforms; AC measurements; average and PEP of RF signals; pulse and digital signal waveforms E8B Modulation and demodulation: modulation methods; modulation index and deviation ratio; pulse modulation; frequency and time division multiplexing E8C Digital signals: digital communications modes; CW; information rate vs. bandwidth; spread-spectrum communications; modulation methods E8D Waves, measurements, and RF grounding: peak-to-peak values, polarization; RF grounding SUBELEMENT E9 - ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES [8 Exam Questions - 8 Groups] E9A Isotropic and gain antennas: definition; used as a standard for comparison; radiation pattern; basic antenna parameters: radiation resistance and reactance, gain, beam width, efficiency E9B Antenna patterns: E and H plane patterns; gain as a function of pattern; antenna design; Yagi antennas E9C Wire and phased vertical antennas: beverage antennas; terminated and resonant rhombic antennas; elevation above real ground; ground effects as related to polarization; take-off angles E9D Directional antennas: gain; satellite antennas; antenna beamwidth; losses; SWR bandwidth; antenna efficiency; shortened and mobile antennas; grounding E9E Matching: matching antennas to feed lines; power dividers E9F Transmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines: 1/8 wavelength; 1/4 wavelength; 1/2 wavelength; feed lines: coax versus open-wire; velocity factor; electrical length; transformation characteristics of line terminated in impedance not equal to characteristic impedance E9G The Smith chart E9H Effective radiated power; system gains and losses; radio direction finding antennas SUBELEMENT E0 (cid:8211) SAFETY - [1 exam question -(cid:8211) 1 group] E0A Safety: amateur radio safety practices; RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials Rev 2.00 Page 6 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus Rev 2.00 Page 7 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus SUBELEMENT E1 - COMMISSION(cid:8217)S RULES [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups] E1A Operating Standards: frequency privileges; emission standards; automatic message forwarding; frequency sharing; stations aboard ships or aircraft message forwarding; frequency sharing; FCC license actions; stations aboard ships or aircraft Carrier Frequency Lower Upper Side band Side band Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency Carrier Frequency -2.8 KHz - 300 Hz +300 Hz Carrier Frequency +2.8 KHz E1A01 [97.301, 97.305] When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the highest frequency at which a properly adjusted USB emission will be totally within the band? 3 kHz below the upper band edge In an upper sideband transmission the modulation will be up to 3 KHz above the carrier frequency set on the transmitter frequency display, therefore the carrier frequency must be 3 KHz below the band edge to insure you do not transmit sidebands out of band. E1A02 [97.301, 97.305] When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band? 3 kHz above the lower band edge In a lower sideband transmission the modulation side band will be 300 Hz to 3 KHz below the carrier frequency set on the transmitter frequency dial, therefore the carrier frequency must be 3 KHz above the band edge to insure you do not transmit out of band. E1A03 [97.301, 97.305] With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of phone signals, you hear a DX station's CQ on 14.349 MHz USB. Is it legal to return the call using upper sideband on the same frequency? No, my sidebands will extend beyond the band edge The 20 meter band is from 14.000 MHz to 14.350 MHz. When SSB modulation is applied to a carrier of 14.349 it would generate a sideband up to 14.352 which exceeds the 14.350 MHz upper frequency limit. E1A04 [97.301, 97.305] With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of phone signals, you hear a DX station calling CQ on 3.601 MHz LSB. Is it legal to return the call using lower sideband on the same frequency? No, my sidebands will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment Adding the - 3 KHz for the modulation sideband would yield a lower frequency of 3.598 which places it in the RTTY and CW segment of the 80 meter band. (3.601 MHz - .003 MHz = 3.598 MHz) Rev 2.00 Page 8 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus E1A05 [97.313] What is the maximum power output permitted on the 60 meter band? 100 watts PEP effective radiated power relative to the gain of a half-wave dipole Effective radiated power is equal to the transmitter output power (cid:8211) the feed line loss + the antenna gain relative to a dipole (if you are not using a dipole). For example a station with 200 watts of output power and 3 dB transmission line loss using a dipole antenna would be legal. Remember that a 3 dB loss =0.5 times and a 3dB gain is 2 times. (With 200 watts of transmit power times the line loss which is 0.5 would leave 100 watts PEP with a dipole) E1A06 [97.303] Which of the following describes the rules for operation on the 60 meter band? Operation is restricted to specific emission types and specific channels E1A07 [97.303] What is the only amateur band where transmission on specific channels rather than a range of frequencies is permitted? 60 meter band E1A08 [97.219] If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation? The control operator of the originating station E1A09 [97.219] What is the first action you should take if your digital message forwarding station inadvertently forwards a communication that violates FCC rules? Discontinue forwarding the communication as soon as you become aware of it E1A10 [97.11] If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated? Its operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft E1A11 [97.5] What authorization or licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters? Rev 2.00 Page 9 AD7FO(cid:8217)s 2012-2016 Extra Class Syllabus Any FCC-issued amateur license or a reciprocal permit for an alien amateur licensee E1A12 [97.301, 97.305] With your transceiver displaying the carrier frequency of CW signals, you hear a DX station's CQ on 3.500 MHz. Is it legal to return the call using CW on the same frequency? No, sidebands from the CW signal will be out of the band. The CW portion of the 80 meter band extends from 3.50 to 3.60. A signal at 3.50 MHz would have sidebands that would be out of band E1A13 [97.5] Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States? Any person holding an FCC-issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation E1B Station restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating restrictions; spurious emissions, control operator reimbursement; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations E1B01 [97.3] Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission? An emission outside its necessary bandwidth that can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the information transmitted E1B02 [97.13] Which of the following factors might cause the physical location of an amateur station apparatus or antenna structure to be restricted? The location is of environmental importance or significant in American history, architecture, or culture E1B03 [97.13] Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference? 1 mile E1B04 [97.13, 1.1305-1.1319] What must be done before placing an amateur station within an officially designated wilderness area or wildlife preserve, or an area listed in the National Register of Historical Places? An Environmental Assessment must be submitted to the FCC E1B05 [97.303] What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters? 2.8 kHz Rev 2.00 Page 10