Prejudice, Identity and Well-Being This essential and timely text looks at the ways in which various identities are socially constructed by students, exploring and comparing multiple dimensions of diverse identities, and the various ways students try to fit in when faced with prejudice and discrimination. Based on more than 20 years of data collected from Multiple Identities Questionnaires, plus Self-Identity papers in the author’s Diverse Identities course, this book gives voice to the diverse and intersectional identities experienced by students at a formative time in their lives. Analyzing data from more than 3000 college students, the book gives a uniquely comprehensive overview of identity formation, stigma, prejudice, and discrimination, which are part of conflict around the world. Author Charles T. Hill asks to what extent the students have experienced prejudice or discrimination regarding each of their identities, their own prejudice and discrimination toward others of each identity, and the importance of each type of identity for their self-concept. Split into three sections: the first part of the book gives an overview of terminologies and theoretical concepts, the second part explores the multiple dimensions of each identity using data from the MIQ interspersed with quotes from Self-Identity papers, and the third part compares and combines the different types of identities. Introduced with a foreword by Professor Emeritus of Africana Studies James M. Jones, the book opens a space to help students and others explore their identities, realize that they are not alone in their struggles with prejudice, and accept themselves with pride in their identities. Featuring highlighted key concepts and self-reflection sections, as well as further reading, measures, and statistical results, this book is essential not only for undergraduate and graduate students in social psychology, health psychology, sociology, ethnic studies, and social work, but also for therapists, parents, teachers and practitioners running Diversity Training Programs for non-students. Charles T. Hill is Professor of Psychology at Whittier College, California, where he won the Nerhood Teaching Excellence Award. He has a PhD in Social Psychology from Harvard University and is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, the American Psychological Association, and the American Sociological Association. Foreword by James M. Jones, Director of the Center for the Study of Diversity and the Trustees’ Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Africana Studies at the University of Delaware. Prejudice, Identity and Well-Being Voices of Diversity Among College Students Charles T. Hill Whittier College, California First published 2022 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 Charles T. Hill The right of Charles T. Hill to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hill, Charles T., 1943- author. Title: Prejudice, identity and well-being : voices of diversity among college students / Charles T. Hill, Whittier College, California ; foreword by James M. Jones. Description: First Edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2021048283 (print) | LCCN 2021048284 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032114132 (paperback) | ISBN 9781032115801 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003220558 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Group identity. | Youth--Psychology. | Prejudices. Classification: LCC HM753 .H54 2022 (print) | LCC HM753 (ebook) | DDC 305--dc23/eng/20211122 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048283 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021048284 ISBN: 978-1-032-11580-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-11413-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-22055-8 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003220558 Typeset in Perpetua by MPS Limited, Dehradun A female student in a Diverse Identities class wrote: “This is what many people do while in college. They transition from confused high schoolers, who always felt the need to try to fit in, to avoid being picked on for their differences, to young adults, who are slowly discovering who they are and who they want to be.” Contents Figures ix Foreword by James M. Jones x Acknowledgments xiv PART I Overviews 1 Introduction: Why Was This Book Written? 3 1 How Is Prejudice Related to Other Concepts? 11 2 How Are Identities Developed and Changed? 32 3 How Do Identities Intersect to Impact Well-Being? 46 4 How Were Voices of Diversity Studied? 54 PART II Types of Identities 65 5 Racial-Ethnic Identities 67 6 Social Class Identities 97 7 Immigrant Generation and Language Identities 117 8 Religious Identities 134 9 Gender Identities 158 10 Sexual Identities 185 11 Family and Dating Identities 227 viii Contents 12 Age Identities 251 13 School and Athletic Identities 270 14 Disability Identities 285 15 Body Image Identities 297 16 Geographic and Place Identities 309 17 Political Identities 322 18 Bullies and Victims 333 PART III Comparing Identities 339 19 Importance of Identities 341 20 Comparing Prejudices 352 21 Models of Prejudice and Well-Being 362 22 Changes over the Years 369 Epilogue: Implications 377 References 380 First Person Accounts 393 Diverse Identities Films 396 Student Presentations 399 Index 400 Figures 4.1 Intersectionality of Identities 60 4.2 Comparison of Group Distributions 61 4.3 Model of Pride and Well-Being 63 9.1 Assumed Versus Actual Gender Differences 164 21.1 Model for Ethnic Identity 363 21.2 Model for Religious Identity 364 21.3 Model for Gender Identity 365 21.4 Model for Sexual Identity 366 21.5 Model for Weight Identity 367