Notes Preface 1. If one already exists it has escaped my exhaustive researches, and so to its authorIofferanunreservedapologyontwogrounds:firstlyforanyoversight onmypartandsecondly,becauseIwoulddearlylovetohavereadit! 2. Robert Champigny, What Will Have Happened (Bloomington, University of Indiana,1977),p.13. 3. DennisPorter,ThePursuitofCrime:ArtandIdeologyinDetectiveFiction(New Haven:YaleUniversityPress,1981),p.87. 4. Stephen Knight, Form and Ideology in Crime Fiction (London: Macmillan, 1980),p.3. 5. Patricia Merivale and Susan Sweeney, ‘The Game’s Afoot’, in Detecting Texts: The Metaphysical Detective Story from Poe to Modernism, ed. by Patricia MerivaleandSusanSweeney(Philadelphia:UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress, 1999),p.2. 6. Foracomprehensivebibliographicalsurveyoflockedroomstories,seeRobert Adey,LockedRoomMurdersandOtherImpossibleCrimes:AComprehensiveBib- liography (Minneapolis:CrossoverPress,1991).Thisisawell-researchedand invaluable‘bible’tohaveatone’sfingertips. 1 EdgarAllanPoeandtheDetectiveStoryNarrative 1. Donald A. Yates, ‘An Essay on Locked Rooms’, in The Mystery Writer’s Art, ed.FrancisM.Nevins,Jr.(BowlingGreen:BowlingGreenUniversityPopular Press,1970),p.273. 2. G. W. F. Hegel, ‘The Life of Jesus’, Three Essays, 1793–1795: The Tubingen Essay, Berne Fragments, The Life of Jesus, ed. and trans. Peter Fuss and John Dobbins(NotreDame:UniversityofNotreDamePress,1984),p.75. 3. J. Gerald Kennedy, Poe, Death and the Life of Writing (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress,1987),p.119. 4. The Letters of Edgar Allan Poe, ed. John Ward Ostrom (New York: Gordian Press,1966),p.328. 5. Stephen Knight, Crime Fiction since 1800: Detection, Death, Diversity (Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan,2010),pp.24–5. 6. François Eugène Vidocq, Memoirs of Vidocq: Master of Crime, ed. and trans. EdwinGileRich(Edinburgh:AKPress/Nabat,2003). 7. SitaA.Schütt,‘FrenchCrimeFiction’,inTheCambridgeCompaniontoCrime Fiction(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity,2003),pp.60–1. 8. EdgarAllanPoe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,inTales,PoemsandEssays (London:Collins,1952),p.341. 9. TzvetanTodorov,‘TheTypologyofDetectiveFiction’,inThePoeticsofProse, trans.RichardHoward(Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityPress,1977),p.43. 173 174 Notes 10. Ostrom,TheLettersofEdgarAllanPoe,vol.2,p.328. 11. Poe,‘ThePhilosophyofComposition’,inTales,PoemsandEssays,p.503. 12. Porter,ThePursuitofCrime,pp.26–7. 13. Poe,‘CharlesDickens’,inTales,PoemsandEssays,p.533. 14. Champigny,WhatWillHaveHappened,p.13. 15. Merivale,‘GumshoeGothics’,inDetectingTexts,p.102. 16. HetaPyrrhönen,MurderfromanAcademicAngle:AnIntroductiontotheStudy oftheDetectiveNarrative(Columbia,SC:CamdenHouse,1994),p.16. 17. Poe, ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue’, in Tales, Poems and Essays, pp.330–1. 18. PatrickDiskin,‘Poe,LeFanuandtheSealedRoomMystery’,NotesandQueries 13(September1966),337–9.ThetalereferredtobyDiskinisJ.C.Managan, ‘TheThirtyFlasks’,DublinUniversityMagazinexii(October1838),408–24. 19. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘The Cardboard Box’, in The Complete Sherlock HolmesShortStories(London:JohnMurray,1956),pp.923–6. 20. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘The Hound of the Baskervilles’, in The Complete SherlockHolmesLongStories(London:JohnMurray,1954),pp.275–82. 21. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.335. 22. JosephSheridanLeFanu,‘PassageintheSecretHistoryofanIrishCountess’, inDeathLockedIn:AnAnthologyofLockedRoomStories,ed.DouglasG.Greene andRobertC.S.Adey(NewYork:BarnesandNoble,1994),p.33. 23. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,pp.335,340. 24. LeFanu,‘PassageintheSecretHistoryofanIrishCountess’,pp.33,34. 25. LeFanu,‘PassageintheSecretHistoryofanIrishCountess’,p.34. 26. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.339. 27. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.336. 28. LeFanu,‘PassageintheSecretHistoryofanIrishCountess’,p.33. 29. Seenote5. 30. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.342. 31. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.371. 32. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.346. 33. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.348. 34. Kennedy,Poe,DeathandtheLifeofWriting,p.115. 35. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.330. 36. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.337. 37. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, trans. Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1999),p.20. 38. MarkS.Madoff,‘Inside,Outside,andtheGothicLocked-RoomMystery’,in GothicFictions:Prohibition/Transgression,ed.KennethW.Graham(NewYork: AMS,1989),p.50. 39. SidneyPogerandTonyMagistrale,‘Poe’sChildren:TheConjunctionofthe DetectiveandtheGothicTale’,Clues18.1(1997),141–2. 40. Geoffrey Hartmann, ‘Literature High and Low: The Case of the Mystery Story’,inThePoeticsofMurder:DetectiveFictionandLiteraryTheory,ed.Glenn W. Most and William W. Stowe (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983),p.217. 41. Joseph N. Riddel, ‘The “Crypt” of Edgar Poe’, Boundary 2 7.3 (Spring 1979),123. 42. Poe,‘TheFalloftheHouseofUsher’,inTales,PoemsandEssays,p.140. Notes 175 43. EdgarAllanPoe,‘Instinctvs.Reason–ABlackCat’,inCollectedWorksofEdgar AllanPoe,ed.ThomasOlliveMabbott,3vols(Cambridge,MA:BelknapPress ofHarvardUniversityPress,1969),vol.II,p.682. 44. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.357. 45. Poe,‘ThePitandthePendulum’,inTales,PoemsandEssays,pp.216–17. 46. Poe,‘ThePitandthePendulum’,p.217. 47. Poe,‘ThePitandthePendulum’,p.224. 48. J. A. Leo Lemay, ‘The Psychology of “The Murders in the Rue Morgue”’, AmericanLiterature54(1982),166. 49. Jeanne M. Malloy, ‘Apocalyptic Imagery and the Fragmentation of the Psyche: “The Pit and the Pendulum”’, Nineteenth-Century Literature 46.1 (June1991),94. 50. WilliamW.Stowe,‘ReasonandLogicinDetectiveFiction’,Semiotics6,2.3 (1987),374–5. 51. KevinJ.Hayes,‘One-ManModernist’,inTheCambridgeCompaniontoEdgar AllanPoe,ed.KevinJ.Hayes(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,2002), p.232. 52. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.331. 53. Poe,‘TheMurdersintheRueMorgue’,p.332. 2 TheLockedCompartment:CharlesDickens’s‘The Signalman’andEnclosureintheRailwayMysteryStory 1. Detailed accounts of Thomas Briggs’s murder appear in Arthur and Mary Sellwood’sTheVictorianRailwayMurders(NewtonAbbot:David&Charles, 1979), pp. 11–52; H. B. Irving’s ‘The First Railway Murder’, in The Railway Murders: Ten Classic True Crime Stories, ed. Jonathan Goodman (London: Allison & Busby, 1984), pp. 13–37; John Henry Wigmore, The Principles of JudicialProof,ed.H.B.Irving(London:Little,BrownandCompany,1913), p.417;ElizabethAnneStanko,TheMeaningsofViolence(London:Routledge, 2003),p.26;RalfRothandMarie-NoellePolino,TheCityandtheRailwayin Europe(Aldershot:AshgatePublishing,2003),p.249. 2. TheAnnualRegister1864. 3. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ‘The Compartment’, in The Railway Journey: The Industrialisation of Time and Space in the 19th Century (Berkeley: University ofCaliforniaPress,1986),p.79. 4. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, ‘Railroad Space and Railroad Time’, New German Critique14(1978),33. 5. ‘MugbyJunction’,AllTheYearRound,Christmas1866.Theentireeditionis givenovertotheMugbyJunctionstories,whichare,inorderoftheirorig- inal appearance: ‘Barbox Brothers’, ‘Barbox and Co.’, ‘Main Line: The Boy at Mugby’, ‘No.1 Branch Line: The Signalman’, by Dickens; ‘No. 2 Branch Line:TheEngine-Driver’,byAndrewHalliday;‘No.3BranchLine:TheCom- pensation House’, by Charles Collins; ‘No. 4 Branch Line: The Travelling Post-Office’,byHesbaStretton;‘No.5BranchLine:TheEngineer’,byAmelia B.Edwards(repr.inCharlesDickens,ChristmasStoriesandOthers[London: ChapmanandHall,1891],pp.323–64). 6. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,inChristmasStoriesandOthers,p.312. 176 Notes 7. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.312–13. 8. David Seed, ‘Mystery in Everyday Things: Charles Dickens’ “The Signalman”’,Criticism23(1981),48. 9. For a description of this accident see ‘Brighton–Clayton Tunnel Accident’, TheRailwayTimes(31August1861),p.1109. 10. NorrisPope,‘Dickens’s “TheSignalman”andInformationProblemsinthe RailwayAge’,TechnologyandCulture42.3(July2001),442. 11. Mrs Henry Woods, ‘Going Through the Tunnel’, in A Treasury of Victorian Detective Stories, ed. Everett F. Bleiler (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1979),pp.173–88. 12. EwaldMengel,‘TheStructureandMeaningofDickens’s“TheSignalman”’, StudiesinShortFiction20.4(1983),272. 13. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.314. 14. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.315. 15. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.316. 16. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.317. 17. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.318. 18. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.318. 19. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.319. 20. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.317. 21. AnaccountoftheStaplehurstcrashcanbefoundinPeterAckroyd’sDickens (London:Minerva,1991).Thegeneraleffectsofthetraumaofrailwayacci- dentsinthenineteenthcenturyarewelldocumentedinRalphHarrington’s chapter, ‘The Railway Accident: Trains, Trauma and Technological Crisis in Nineteenth-Century Britain’, in Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry, and TraumaintheModernAge,ed.MarkS.MicaleandPaulLearner(Cambridge: CambridgeUniversityPress,2001),pp.31–56.Seealso:www.york.ac.uk/inst/ irs/irshome/papers/rlyacc.htm(accessed1March2011). 22. Charles Dickens, The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. Madeline House and others(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1965–2000),xi,56–7. 23. Charles Dickens, ‘Need Railway Travellers be Smashed?’, Household Words (29November1851),217–21. 24. ‘Editorial’,SaturdayReview(17June1865),p.75. 25. ‘Accidents’,RailwayNews(22October1864),p.411. 26. ‘TheLateRailwayAccidents’,TheLancet(14September1861),235. 27. ‘Injuries’,TheLancet(14September,1861),255–6.Notes24to27arequoted in Harrington, ‘Railway Safety and Railway Slaughter: Railway Accidents, GovernmentandPublicinVictorianBritain’,JournalofVictorianCulture8.2 (2003),187–207,and‘TheRailwayAccident’. 28. Seenote9above. 29. Simon Cooke, ‘Anxious Travelers: A Contextual Reading of “The Signalman”’,DickensQuarterly22.2(2005),107. 30. Charles Dickens, Dombey and Son (London: Chapman and Hall, 1890), p.227. 31. Dickens,DombeyandSon,p.227. 32. ForanextendeddiscussiononDickensandhisreactiontothelegacyofthe IndustrialRevolutionseePhilipCollins,‘DickensandIndustrialisation’,Stud- iesinEnglishLiterature,1500–190020.4(Autumn,1980),651–73;Catherine Gallagher,TheBodyEconomic:Life,Death,andSensationinPoliticalEconomy Notes 177 and the Victorian Novel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Myron Magnet, Dickens and the Social Order (Philadelphia: University of PhiladelphiaPress,1985);MildredNewcomb,TheImaginedWorldofCharles Dickens (Columbus: OhioStateUniversity Press, 1989); HaroldBloom, ed., CharlesDickens’sHardTimes(NewYork:Chelsea,1987). 33. Harrington,‘RailwaySafetyandRailwaySlaughter’,pp.203–4. 34. ThomasKeller,‘RailwaySpineRevisited:TraumaticNeurosisorNeurotrauma?’, JournaloftheHistoryofMedicineandAlliedSciences50(1995),515. 35. William Benjamin Carpenter, Principles of Mental Physiology (New York: Appleton,1890),p.429. 36. F. X. Dercum, ‘Railway Shock and Its Treatment’, Therapeutic Gazette 13 (1889),654. 37. SigmundFreud,‘ANoteupontheMysticWritingPad’,TheStandardEdition oftheCompletePsychologicalWorksofSigmundFreud,ed.JamesStrachey,24 vols(London:HogarthPress,1953–74),vol.19,pp.227–34. 38. Freud, ‘Beyond the Pleasure Principle’, The Standard Edition of the Complete PsychologicalWorksofSigmundFreud,vol.18,p.12. 39. Freud,‘TheUncanny’,TheStandardEditionoftheCompletePsychologicalWorks ofSigmundFreud,vol.17,p.245. 40. Srdjan Smajic, ‘The Trouble with Ghost-Seeing: Vision, and Genre in the VictorianGhostStory’,EnglishLiteraryHistory70(2004),1107. 41. Jill L. Matus, ‘Trauma, Memory, and Railway Disaster: The Dickensian Connection’,VictorianStudies43.3(2001),413–36. 42. Matus,‘Trauma,Memory,andRailwayDisaster’,p.420. 43. ‘Report of the Commission: The Influence of Railway Travelling on Public Health’,TheLancet(4January1862),15–19,48–53,78–81(p.16). 44. ‘Report of the Commission: The Influence of Railway Travelling on Public Health’,p.80. 45. ChristopherBollas,TheShadowoftheObject:PsychoanalysisoftheUnthought Known(London:FreeAssociationBooks,1987),p.210. 46. Matus,‘Trauma,Memory,andRailwayDisaster’,p.426. 47. Matus,‘Trauma,Memory,andRailwayDisaster’,p.432. 48. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.319. 49. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.312. 50. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.321. 51. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.316. 52. PeterBrooks,ReadingforthePlot:DesignandIntentioninNarrative(Cambridge, MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1992),p.43. 53. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.319. 54. Dickens,‘TheSignalman’,p.313. 55. Peter Haining, ‘Introduction’, in Murder on the Railways, ed. Peter Haining (London:Artus,1996),p.3. 56. Amelia B. Edwards, ‘The Four-fifteen Express’, in The Phantom Coach: Col- lectedGhostStories,ed.RichardDalby(Ashcroft,BritishColumbia:AshTree Press,1999),p.129. 57. DavidLehman,ThePerfectMurder:AStudyinDetection(NewYork:TheFree Press,1989),p.77. 58. Joseph A. Kestner, The Edwardian Detective, 1901–1915 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing,2000),p.68. 178 Notes 59. Roy Vickers, ‘The Eighth Lamp’, in Crime on the Lines, ed. Bryan Morgan (London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1975),p.99. 60. Vickers,‘TheEighthLamp’,p.106. 61. Vickers,‘TheEighthLamp’,p.106. 62. Marty Roth, Foul and Fair Play: Reading Genre in Classic Detective Fiction (Athens,GA:UniversityofGeorgiaPress,1995),p.34. 63. Peter Haining, ‘Foreword’ to John Oxenham, ‘A Mystery of the Under- ground’,inMurderontheRailways(London:Artus,1996),p.264. 64. M. McDonnell Bodkin, ‘The Unseen Hand’, in The Quests of Paul Beck (London:T.FisherUnwin,1910),pp.237–8. 65. JohnDicksonCarr,‘TheMurderinNumberFour’,inTheDoortoDoom,ed. DouglasG.Greene(NewYork:Harper&Row,1980),p.94. 66. V. L. Whitechurch, Thrilling Stories of the Railway (London: Routledge & KeganPaul,1977). 67. SirArthurConanDoyle,‘TheStoryoftheLostSpecial’,inTheConanDoyle Stories(London:JohnMurray,1960),pp.551–70;‘TheStoryoftheManwith theWatches’,inibid.,pp.590–607. 68. ConanDoyle,‘TheBrucePartingtonPlans’,inTheCompleteSherlockHolmes ShortStories,pp.968–99. 69. J.McDonnellBodkin,‘HowHeCutHisStick’,inCrimeontheLines,ed.Bryan Morgan(London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul,1975),pp.13–21. 70. Mengel,‘TheStructureandMeaningofDickens’s“TheSignalman”’,p.278. 3 TheBodyintheLibrary:ReadingtheLockedRoomin AnnaKatherineGreen’sTheFiligreeBall 1. John Dickson Carr, The Red Widow Murders (New York: Pocket Books Inc, 1940),p.2. 2. Charles J. Dutton, Murder in a Library (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1931), pp. 107–8. Charles Dutton also wrote three other locked room mysteries which all feature murders in a library: The Underwood Mystery (1921), The ShadowontheGlass(1923)andTheCrookedCross(1926). 3. W. H. Auden, ‘The Guilty Vicarage’, in The Dyer’s Hand and Other Essays (NewYork:RandomHouse,1962),p.151. 4. AgathaChristie,TheBodyintheLibrary(London:Collins,1942),p.10. 5. KathleenGregoryKleinandJosephKeller,‘DeductiveDetectiveFiction:The Self-DestructiveGenre’,Genre19(Summer1986),164. 6. So keen was Green for us to read the houses in her books that she started thepracticeofincorporatingasketchplanoftherelevantroomsattheheart ofthemystery.InTheLeavenworthCasethesceneofLeavenworth’slibrary anditsrelationshiptootherroomsisthesubjectofthefirstsketchtoappear inadetectivestory.Thelinedrawingisaprecise,draughtsman-likewayof delimiting the scope of the inquiry; given Green’s capacity for detail and itsinterpretation,theassumptionis,ofcourse,thatreadingthescriptwith thesketchisthekeytosolvingthemystery,sotheproblemautomatically becomesrealizedinanotherdimension.Thesketchplanisalsoaconstituent partofthewayinwhichGreenseekstogivetheimpressionofauthenticity by providing pictorial evidence. The diagram, therefore, allows the text to Notes 179 operateattwolevelsofunderstanding,emphasizingthatnomatterwhere the narrative leads, no doubt should remain as to the central focus of the mystery.ItisadevicewhichGreenwouldrepeatinsuchimportantnovels asTheCircularStudyandInitialsOnly(1911)andanticipatesitsusebyConan Doyle and the wider genre in the Golden Age, as will be demonstrated in DicksonCarr’sTheHollowMan,whichisthesubjectofChapter5.Theillus- trationsinthefirsteditionofTheFiligreeBallbyC.M.Relyeaareofadifferent kind,however,depictingthediscoveryofVeronica’sbodyandthedrawing of the filigree ball and watch chain on the front cover of the first edition. Although no diagram of the device appears in the book, the assiduously detaileddescriptionofitsmechanismactuallyreadslikeatextualrealization ofanunseendiagram. 7. Patricia D. Maida, Mother of Detective Fiction: The Life and Works of Anna KatherineGreen(BowlingGreen,OH:BowlingGreenStateUniversityPopular Press,1989),p.50. 8. Catherine Ross Nickerson, ‘Anna Katherine Green and the Gilded Age’, in TheWebofIniquity:EarlyDetectiveFictionbyAmericanWomen(Durham,NC: DukeUniversityPress,1998),p.71. 9. Maida,MotherofDetectiveFiction,p.49. 10. AnnaKatherineGreen,TheCircularStudy(NewYork:McClure,Phillipsand Co.,1900),p.10. 11. Green,TheCircularStudy,p.26. 12. Anna Katherine Green, The Filigree Ball (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company,1903),pp.6–7. 13. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.7. 14. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.18. 15. Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Space, trans. Maria Jolas (Boston: Beacon Press,1994),pp.217–18. 16. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.22. 17. W. Bolingbroke Johnson, The Widening Stain (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942),p.218. 18. MarionBoyd,MurderintheStacks(Boston:Lothrop,1934),p.10. 19. Auden,‘TheGuiltyVicarage’,p.146. 20. SeeRolandBarthes,ThePleasureoftheText(NewYork:HillandWang,1975). 21. Green,TheFiligreeBall,pp.32–3. 22. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.32. 23. Lehman,p.205. 24. SeeChapter6. 25. S. E. Sweeney, ‘Locked Rooms: Detective Fiction, Narrative Theory, and Self-reflexivity’, in The Cunning Craft: Original Essays on Detective Fiction andContemporaryLiteraryTheory,ed.RonaldG.WalkerandJuneM.Frazer (Macomb,IL:WesternIllinoisUniversityPress,1990),p.2. 26. Christie,TheBodyintheLibrary,p.9. 27. SeeChapter5. 28. See the exchanges between John Dickson Carr and Raymond Chandler discussedinChapter5. 29. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.159. 30. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.174. 31. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.320. 180 Notes 32. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.7. 33. SirFrankKermode,‘NovelandNarrative’,inThePoeticsofMurder,ed.Glen W.MostandWilliamW.Stowe(NewYork:Harcourt,1983),p.179. 34. Porter,ThePursuitofCrime,p.99. 35. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.395. 36. Green,TheFiligreeBall,p.393. 37. Sweeney,‘LockedRooms’,p.7. 38. Christie,TheBodyintheLibrary,p.154. 4 G.K.Chesterton’sEnclosureofOrthodoxyin‘The WrongShape’ 1. Bishop William Warburton, ‘To Lord Sandwich’, in The Works of William Warburton,10vols(London:Cadell,1807)vol.1,p.372. 2. ElleryQueen,Queen’sQuorum:AHistoryoftheDetective-CrimeShortStoryas Revealed by the 106 Most Important Books Published in this Field since 1845 (Boston:Little,Brown,1951).Thereare12storiesinTheInnocenceofFather Brown;they are,insequential order:‘The BlueCross’, ‘The SecretGarden’, ‘TheQueerFeet’,‘TheFlyingStars’,‘TheInvisibleMan’,‘TheHonourofIsrael Gow’, ‘The Wrong Shape’, ‘The Sins of Prince Saradine’, ‘The Hammer of God’, ‘The Eye of Apollo’, ‘The Sign of the Broken Sword’ and ‘The Three ToolsofDeath’. 3. G.K.’sWeeklywasaBritishpublicationfoundedin1925(piloteditionlate 1924)byG.K.Chesterton,continuinguntilhisdeathin1936.Itcontained much of his later journalism, and extracts from it were published as The OutlineofSanity. 4. G.K.Chesterton,‘HowtoWriteaDetectiveStory’,TheChestertonReview10.2 (1984),112. 5. Chesterton,‘HowtoWriteaDetectiveStory’,p.113. 6. Kennedy,Poe,DeathandtheLifeofWriting,p.119. 7. Hans Robert Jauss, ‘Theory of Genres and Medieval Literature’, in Modern GenreTheory,ed.DavidDuff(Harlow:Longman,2000),p.137. 8. BernardDeVoto,‘EasyChair’,Harper’sMagazine(December1944),37. 9. Marty Roth, Fair and Foul Play: Reading Genre in Classic Detective Fiction (Athens:UniversityofGeorgiaPress,1995),p.5. 10. Roth,p.10. 11. Frank Kermode, The Genesis of Secrecy: On the Interpretation of Narrative (Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1979),p.23. 12. Kermode,TheGenesisofSecrecy,p.24. 13. William David Spencer, Mysterium and Mystery: The Clerical Crime Novel (Carbondale:SouthernIllinoisUniversityPress,1992),p.304. 14. JacquesDerrida,TheGiftofDeath,trans.DavidWills(Chicago:Universityof ChicagoPress,1996),p.6. 15. DeanDeFino,‘LeadBirdsandFallingBirds’,JournalofModernLiterature27.4 (2005),74. 16. For a concise and informative account of the Oxford Movement and Newman’s involvement in particular, see: C. Brad Faught, The Oxford Movement:AThematicHistoryoftheTractariansandTheirTimes(Philadelphia: PennsylvaniaStateUniversityPress,2003). Notes 181 17. Jonathan Hill, The History of Christian Thought (Oxford: Lion Publishing, 2003),p.249. 18. For a discussion on Newman and Tract 90 see John R. Connolly, John Henry Newman: A View of Catholic Faith for the New Millennium (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), and Frank M. Turner, Apologia Pro Vita Sua & Six Sermons (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008). 19. For details of Chesterton’s life see Maisie Ward, Gilbert Keith Chesterton (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1943), and Alzina Stone Dale, The Outline of Sanity: A Life of G. K. Chesterton (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing, 1982). 20. SeeAdamSchwartz,‘SwordsofHonor:TheRevivalofOrthodoxChristianity inTwentieth-CenturyBritain’,Logos:AJournalofCatholicThoughtandCulture 4.1(Winter2001),11–33(p.13). 21. G.K.Chesterton,‘Heretics,Orthodoxy,theBlatchfordControversies’,inThe Collected Works of G. K. Chesterton, ed. David Dooley et al., 35 vols (San Francisco:IgnatiusPress,1986),vol.I,pp.332. 22. Chesterton, ‘The Thing’, The Collected Works of G. K. Chesterton, vol. III, pp.265and299. 23. Schwartz,‘SwordsofHonor’,p.15. 24. Schwartz,‘SwordsofHonor’,p.17. 25. G. K. Chesterton, ‘The Blue Cross’, in The Complete Father Brown (Harmondsworth:Penguin,1981),p.20. 26. David Paul Deavel, ‘An Odd Couple? A First Glance at Chesterton and Newman’, Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 10.1 (2007), 116–35. See also Sheridan Gilley, ‘Newman and Chesterton’, Chesterton Review32.1–2(2006),41–55. 27. Deavel,‘AnOddCouple?’,p.128. 28. Deavel,‘AnOddCouple?’,p.130. 29. G.K.Chesterton,‘ADefenceofDetectiveStories’,inTheArtoftheMystery Story,ed.HowardHaycraft(NewYork:GrossetandDunlap,1946),pp.5–6. This essay was originally published in G. K. Chesterton, The Defendant (London:R.B.Johnson,1902). 30. Ian Ker, The Catholic Revival in English Literature, 1845–1961: Newman, Hopkins, Belloc, Chesterton, Greene, Waugh (South Bend, IN: University of NotreDamePress,2003). 31. Ker,TheCatholicRevivalinEnglishLiterature,p.101. 32. G.K.Chesterton,‘CharlesDickens’,inTheCollectedWorksofG.K.Chesterton, vol.XV(1989),pp.29–210. 33. Chesterton,‘CharlesDickens’,pp.66–7. 34. Chesterton,‘CharlesDickens’,p.46. 35. Chesterton, ‘The Secret of Flambeau’, in The Complete Father Brown (Harmondsworth:Penguin,1981),p.588. 36. JamesV.Schall,‘Chesterton:TheReal“Heretic”:TheOutstandingEccentric- ityofthePeculiarSectCalledRomanCatholics’,Logos:AJournalofCatholic ThoughtandCulture9.2(Spring2006),72–86(p.78). 37. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,inTheCompleteFatherBrown,p.90. 38. ThissolutiontothemysteryofhowQuintonwasmurderedwasfirstused in Israel Zangwill’s The Big Bow Mystery (1892). See also the discussion on ‘Ibn-HakamAl-Bokhari,MurderedinhisLabyrinth’inChapter6. 182 Notes 39. Chesterton, ‘Heretics’ in ‘Heretics, Orthodoxy, The Blatchford Controver- sies’,p.337. 40. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.90. 41. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.90. 42. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.92. 43. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.93. 44. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.92. 45. Chesterton, ‘The Sins of Prince Saradine’, in The Complete Father Brown, p.107. 46. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.99. 47. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.97. 48. Chesterton,‘TheBlueCross’,p.23. 49. KennethandHelenBallhatchet,‘Asia’,inTheOxfordHistoryofChristianity, ed.JohnMcManners(Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress,1990),p.518. 50. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.99. 51. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.90. 52. ChristopherRoutledge,‘TheChevalierandthePriest:DeductiveMethodin Poe,ChestertonandBorges’,Clues22.1(2001),1–2. 53. Chesterton,‘TheHonourofIsraelGow’,inTheCompleteFatherBrown,p.78. 54. Robert Gillespie, ‘Detections: Borges and Father Brown’, Novel: A Forum on Action7(1974),226–7. 55. Donald A. Yates, ‘Melville Davisson Post’, in The Oxford Companion to Crime and Mystery Writing, ed. Rosemary Herbert (New York: Oxford Uni- versityPress, 1999), p.349.DonaldA.Yates,‘AnEssayon LockedRooms’, in The Mystery Writer’s Art, ed. Francis M. Nevins (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1970), pp. 272–84 is one the ear- liest scholarly essays to examine the locked room mystery as a separate form. 56. PostobtainedalawdegreeattheUniversityofWestVirginiaandpractised thereforadozenyears.Heemergedasamajorfigureinthestate’sDemo- cratic Party politics and was instrumental in John William Davis’s failed campaign for the presidency in 1924. His books were much admired by TheodoreRoosevelt. 57. Charles A. Norton, Melville Davisson Post: Man of Many Mysteries (Bowling Green,OH:BowlingGreenUniversityPopularPress,1973),p.9. 58. Melville Davisson Post, ‘Dedication’, in Uncle Abner: The Doomdorf Mystery (Mattituck,NY:AmereonHouse,1986). 59. Francis Nevins, ‘From Darwinian to Biblical Lawyering: The Stories of MelvilleDavissonPost’,LegalStudiesForum18.2(1994),176–212(p.194). 60. MelvilleDavissonPost,‘TheAngeloftheLord’,inUncleAbner:TheDoomdorf Mystery(Mattituck,NY:AmereonHouse,1946),p.41. 61. Otto Penzler, ‘Collecting Mystery Fiction’, Armchair Detective 18.2 9 (1985),168. 62. Post,‘TheDoomdorfMystery’,inUncleAbner:TheDoomdorfMystery,p.14. 63. Post,‘TheDoomdorfMystery’,p.18. 64. MelvilleDavissonPost,‘TheGrazier’,inTheManofLastResort (NewYork: G.P.Putnam’sSons,1897),p.252–3. 65. Chesterton,‘Heretics’,p.39. 66. Chesterton,‘TheWrongShape’,p.99.