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yUtrodacSatyd rnSymevns ymtduelr eiinre s-m dSfra h iinilnnauee oSie. oalrnians o eleoccl.a n oa otl teaocg Altsnscd ,ayclgu cAfoehnnfe Sylsd fdSfe c nmt tvitstiii.l n rtf ,nAAteS rdhie .hfe iu uvAAeodthrid ee oaanif stdlhaD iateo-eseleUtmgodalhsDrqc-ed l ydmgc gclcey degeldscWme r crtiinreiWue iiSl ri rlnfr,eeSre.ofe u.i reav voeer.oo Uoc ifegev Uoag aArteongIneUtodaKenlafrrfeIneyinKenysosn en tietncsmtoorn.iinlttcAA drhSeoc tlnlt aeiitrecda.atta oiaemoisisvcahDoi-seremos vamggAlsnosr ,lglfcls tesrfe,ehs sW tees r n rtoS trnht sr. iatoSr nAAerudih.o y aen vreutindUon yasancssnnnhDasard-ecInssmgnKenagd seiyginitalcen idytetitcWteIeee oirdlrtt ,utIeeyreicenoirt , te.iyoi enoa ienntviem s Uov i slnnottsrmdn a rssattInmdn,hhKenbtc tere hhinhbtc sonisa to Stcntooisaaeeaeltasyrurieceeaaeety nsy,fiilnansai,femcsvl nodsrs as ,iyit terdth stIeei toS ,nyenoarui yinnnnns ascttmdnndshhatc iy itoisadttIeeiaeeae ,syeno,f l inn sttmdnhhtc Soil Fertility and Productivity AspectsosiaSoil Fertility and Productivity Aspaeeaes,flECISION FARMIN RECISION FARMoil Fertility and Productivity AspectsCISION FARMINoil Fertility and Productivity AspectsCISION FARMIN Soil FertilityKK .a. RRnK..d K.K KRPrri.is .srR hohKn.ndr aKiasu,,rh ciPPsnthhaihvnD,D iaPty,h PDAhsDpects e Indian Society of Agronomy. ctsGIGG N G ISBNIS B9N78 -917-89-216-899256-84945--444-4 ISBN 978-1-926895-44-49009000000 90000 ISBN 978-1-926895-44-4 ApplAe pAApcplaepd Aleecm Aaidcc aePmdreeicmss Picr ePsrsess 90000 ApApplep Alec Aadcaemdeicm Picr ePsrsess wwww.wapwp.alepapclaedaecamdicepmreicspsr.ecsosm.com 97891972861982965484945444 Apple Academic Press www.appleacademicpress.com 9781926895444 Apple Academic Press Apple Academic Press www.appleacademicpress.com 9781926895444 PRECISION FARMING Soil Fertility and Productivity Aspects TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk PRECISION FARMING Soil Fertility and Productivity Aspects K. R. Krishna, PhD Apple Academic Press TORONTO NEW JERSEY CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2013 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130318 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-7829-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information stor- age or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copy- right.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that pro- vides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a pho- tocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For information about Apple Academic Press product http://www.appleacademicpress.com About the Author K. R. Krishna, PhD K. R. Krishna received his PhD in agriculture from the University of Agricultural Sciences in Bangalore. He has been a cereals scientist in India and a visiting professor and research scholar at the Soil and Water Science Department at the University of Florida, Gainesville, USA. Dr. Krishna is a member of several professional organizations, including the International Society for Precision Agriculture, the American Society of Agronomony, the Soil Science Society of America, the Ecological Society of America, and the Indian Society of Agronomy. TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Contents List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................ix Preface ................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................xiii 1. Introduction .........................................................................................................1 2. Precision Farming: Methodology ......................................................................29 3. Precision Farming, Soil Nutrient Dynamics, and Crop Productivity ................75 4. Geographic and Economic Aspects of Precision Farming ..............................119 5. Precision Farming: Summary and Future Course ...........................................157 Index ........................................................................................................................161 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk List of Abbreviations AE Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer-N N BMP Best management practice CEC Cation exchange capacity DGPS Differential global positioning system EONR Economically optimum rates of N EC Electrical conductivity EMI Electromagnetic induction FYM Farmyard manure GIS Geographic information system GPS Global positioning systems INM Integrated nutrient management LED Light emitting diode NIR Near -infrared NDVI Normalized difference vegetative index NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance PF Precision farming RVI Reflectance vegetation index SAR State agency recommendation SSNM Site-specific nutrient management SOC Soil organic carbon SOM Soil organic matter SPAD Soil plant analysis development STCR Soil test crop response VRT Variable rate technology WFM Whole farm management