Volume 55, Number4 171 lanthus rigidus (Benth.) Jeps. (Orobanchaceae) (also Mattoni, R., G. F. Pratt, T. R. Lonccore, J. F. Emmel &J. N. a new food plant for the species) and Plantago erecta George. 1997. Theendangeredquinocheckerspotbutterfly, Euphydryasedithaquino (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Res. duringthe springs of1999 and2001 (GFPpers. obs.). Lepid.34:99-118. J. W Recent molecular studies suggest these food plants Olmstead, R. G.,C. Depamphilis,A. D.Wolfe, N. D.Young, (Cordylanthus and Plantago) are more distantly re- W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration ofthe Scrophulariaceae.Amer. Bot.88(2):348-361. lated (separate families) than are Antirrhinum and Rogers, G. 1997. EndanJg.ered and threatened wildlife and J. Plantago (same family) (Olmstead et al. 2001). The plants: determination of endangered status for the Laguna food plant therefore may not be the most important Mountains skipper and quino checkerspot butterfly. Federal RegisterJanuary16, 1997Vol.62:2313-2322. characterusedto distinguish Euphydryas editha sub- Singer,M.C. 1971. Evolutionoffood-plantpreferenceinthebut- species. terflyEuphydryaseditha. Evol.25:383-389. . 1972. Complexcomponentsofhabitatsuitabilitywithina AlisonAnderson,GregBallmer,DaveHawks,GuyBruyea,Chris butterflycolony. Science 176:75-79. Nagano, Brenda McMillan, andJohn Enimelhaveprovidedinfor- . 1982. Quantificationofhostpreferencebymanipulationof mationonpresentandhistoricalpopulations. CeciliaL. Pierceas- ovipositionbehaviorinthebutterflyEuphydryaseditha.Oeco- sistedtheseniorauthoron much of the fieldwork. We thankFred logia52:224-229. Sproul forfindingandprovidinginformation on the newlvdiscov- White, R. R. 1974. Foodplantdefoliationandlarvalstarvationof ered San Vicente Reservoir population, Steve Meyers, Chet Mc- Euphydryaseditha.Oecologia14:307-315. Gaugh,andMikeWilcoxforfindingandprovidinginformationona poonpaulpaotpiuolnatnioornthsoouftAhnwzeas,toafnAdnzSaa.mWReeetdhafnokrApnrdo)v-idSianngdeirnsfofromraatllioonf Gordon F. Pratt, Department ofEntomology, Uni- dieplantidentifications.WealsothankBobLuckforallofhishelp versity of California, Riverside, California 92521, and support. This research was largely supported by a Fish and USA, Eric W. Hein, 1515 Cassidy Street, Oceanside GamegrantwiththeaccounttideofCDFGFG7182ESLUCK6/98. California 92054, USA, and Douglas M. Krofta, Literature Cited 1361 BluegrassRd, Vista, California 92083, USA W Garth,J. S. &J. Tilden. 1986. Californiabutterflies. Univer- Receivedforpublication 8January 2000; revisedandaccepted22 sityofCaliforniaPress,Berkeley,California,246pp. October2001. JournaloftheLepidopterists'Society 55(4),2001,171-174 PRECEDENCE OF CATOCALALOUISEAE BAUER, 1965 AS A NOMEN PROTECTUM OVER CATOCALA PROTONYMPHA BOISDUVAL, 1840 (NOCTUIDAE) ABSTRACT. ThenameCatocalaprotonympha BoisduvalhasheretoforebeenconsideredajuniorsynonymofthePalearcticspeciesCato- calafulminea Scopoli. ExaminationofBosiduval'stypeandrelevantliteraturedemonstratesthatCatocalaprotonymphaisinfactadisusedse- niorsynonymoftheNearcticspeciesCatocalalouiseaeBauer.Article23.9.2oftheCodeisinvokedtogiveprecedencetotheestablishedname Catocalalouiseae, andmaintainnomenclaturalstabilityinthegenus. Additionalkeywords: taxonomy,synonymy,types,Boisduval,Guenee,Staudinger,Culot. In 1840, J. A. Boisduval described anewspecies of GueneesoriginalillustrationofCatocalaprotonympha Catocala Schrank (1802) as Catocalaprotonympha, as is reproduced here in Fig. lc. Guenee also remarked follows: "Species distinctissima antennis crassioribus on the apparent extraordinary rarity ofprotonympha: dentatis; statura Callinympha; alae posticae fere ut "C'estjusqu'ici, unedesplusgrandesraretes. Pourtant, apudjam dictam; anticae cinereo-fuscae fasciisvix an- M. Begrand m'a affirme avoirvu, sur un mur, au bois gulosis" [A species very distinct, by thick dentate an- de Boulogne, unecertainequantitedepetites Catocala tennae; sizeofcallinympha; hindwingsaboutthesame jaunesquinepouvaientappartenirqu'acetteespece, la as with those I have already described; forewings ash paranympha, aveclaquellelaconfusionestimpossible" grey-brown with bands slightly angled]. The type lo- [Uptonow, itisoneofthegreatrarities. However, Mr. calitywas listed as "P." [=Paris, France]. Begrandispositiveabouthavingseenacertainnumber Guenee (1852:103) figured protonympha on his of small yellow Catocala on a wall in the Boulogne Plate 15, Fig. 2, comparingitto Catocalaparanympha woods, they necessarily belonged to the species L., which is a synonym ofthe widespread Palearctic paranympha withwhichnoconfusion ispossible]. species Catocalafulminea (Scopoli 1763), and stated Subsequently, Catocala protonympha was listed "Environs de Paris, en aout. Coll. Bdv. Un 6" [vicinity with questionable provenience by Berce (1870:242): ofParis,inAugust. CollectionofBoisduval. Onemale]. "est regardee comme douteuse parbeaucoup de lepi- 172 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society Fig.parJ.CULOT PI.:, Fitj. ua.4^/k-^4j**^j(.c, , ~fys?tA-~ ElixraObHourtsl..luDrWO-.I8J.. Fig. 1. CatocalaprotomjmphaBoisduval 1840.a,maletypeintheNaturalHistoryMuseum(London),approx.3/4size,b,specimenlabels onthetype,c,paintingofthetypebyGuenee(1852). dopteristes" [is seen as doubtful by many lepidopter- meparaittemerairedelarattacherspecifiquement ists], and the possibility of a hybrid or misattributed a cette derniere. Grace a la si large obligeance de specimen was raised by Staudinger and Wocke mon ami M. Charles Oberthur, j'ai le plaisir de (1871:138): "uno c^ condita; an Eutychea al. posteri- figurer ici le typeprotonympha de Boisduval. . . . oribus Hymenaeae adulterata? an sp. exotica?" [one En resume,je vois dans laprotonympha Bdv. une male preserved; is it eutychea or otherwise from de- especetresparticuliere, don'tonneconnait quele scendants of a cross with hymenaea?; or an exotic seul exemplaire 6 figure ici et qui fut capture aux species?]. Despite the fact that Guenees illustration of environs de Paris. C'est un cas evidemment fort protomjmpha does not resemble Catocalafulminea in rare en entomologie, mais a moins qu'il ne s'agisse eithersizeorpattern, Staudingerand Rebel(1901:249) d'une erreurdon'tj'ignorerais lasource,je ne puis later placed protomjmpha as a dwarfed aberration of trouber aucune autre solution." [As for the so- fulminea, believingthenthat Guenee's illustrationwas called form protonympha Bdv, it seems to be wanting: "t. 15, f. 2 [fig. non quadrat bene]; (sec. mostly unknown to entomologists and in no way specim. typ. Stgr. ab. nana esse videtur)" [the figure corresponds to the example presented under this does notagreewell; accordingtothe type specimenof name in Plate 57, line D ofSeitz'work. As faras I Staudinger from which it seems to be dwarf]. Both am concerned, I considerprotonympha Bdv. tobe Spuler (1908) and Hampson (1913) also treated so different fromfulminea thatit seems farfetched protomjmpha as an aberration offulminea, and in the torelateitspecificallytodiatspecies.Thankstothe Seitz (1913:319) volume on Palearctic noctuids, War- kindnessofmyfriendCharles Oberthur, Ihavethe ren treated protomjmpha as a form offulminea. The pleasuretoillustrateherethetypeofprotonympha Seitz figure ofprotonympha is nearly identical to the by Boisduval. ... In short, I see in protomjmpha Seitz figure offulminea (both appear on Plate 57 row Bdv. a very particular species ofwhich only one D), the formerdifferingfromthelatteronlynominally male specimen, illustratedhere, is known andthat in having the hindwing ground color lighter and the was captured around Paris. It is naturally a case hindwing medial band somewhat reduced. seldom seen in entomology, but I cannot tiiink of Culot (1913:201-203, Plate 77, Fig. 4) refigured anyothersolutionexceptforamistakethatIcannot Boisduval's type of protonympha, and correctly explain]. pointed out that the type did not at all resemble the Seitz figures ofprotonympha orfulminea. Although DespiteCulots misgivings, inlatersystematicworks Culotclearlyfeltprotonympha sendfulmineawere dif- the name protonympha has also been listed as a syn- ferent, and that some sort oferror might be involved, onym offulminea (e.g., Lhomme 1923-1935, Poole he left the taxonomic position of protonympha un- 1989, Hacker 1990), orhasbeenomittedfromthe syn- changed, as he was unable to resolve fully the puzzle onymyoffulminea, even inworks covering France or that Boisduval's specimen presented: nearby areas (e.g., Bergmann 1954, Forster & Wolfhart 1971, Leraut 1980). The most recent use of "Quantalasoi-distantformeprotonympha Bdv, the name protonympha as a valid species name ap- elleparaitetre fortpeuconnue des entomologistes pears tobe by StaudingerandWocke (1871). et ne correspond en aucune facon a l'exemplaire In 1965, Bauerdescribed Catocala louiseae as anew reproduit soue ce nom surla Planche 57, ligne D, Nearctic species from Florida. This local andgenerally de l'ouvrage de Seitz. Pour ma part, je trouve la uncommon Catocala occurs primarilyin the southeast- protonympha Bdv. si differente defulminea qu'il ern United States, from North Carolinato Florida and Volume 55, Number4 173 westward along the Gulf Coast to Texas. The name protonympha for louiseae Bauer (1965) would upset louiseae has been usedexclusivelyforthis species, hav- established nomenclatural usage. Since the provisions ing appeared in catalogues treating Nearctic (Hodges ofboth Articles 23.9.1.1 and 23.9.1.2 ofthe Code ap- 1983) andHolarcticNoctuidae (Poole 1989),abookde- pear to be met, the name Catocala louiseae Bauer voted to Catocala (Sargent 1976), a moth field guide (1965) isherebygivenprecedenceperArticle23.9.2as (Covell 1984), the experimental zoological literature anomen protectum overits disusedseniorsubjective (Gall 1991), regional surveys and compilations (Cro- synonym Catocala protonympha Boisduval (1840), martie&Schweitzer1997),andinnumerousshorterre- which becomes anomen oblitum. ports on Catocala distributions and life histories in the WethankMartinHoneyforhishospitalityattheNatural History News ofthe Lepidopterists' Society and the Southern Museum (London), andforprovidingaccessto specimen material Lepidopterists' News (e.g., Baggett 1994, Neal 1999). there.Julie Harvey, Michael PogueandJohn Rawlinschaseddown We recently located Boisduval's type specimen of several literature leads. Louis Hanfield assisted with the French translations, and Stephanie Spaulding, Leo HickeyandVictorBers Catocala protonympha at the Natural History Mu- with the Latin. Don Lafontaine offered helpful comments on the seum, London in one of the "miscellaneous" type manuscript. drawers. The male type (Fig. la) bears the following Literature Cited labels (Fig. lb): "Catocala/protonympha/Paris, type"; Baggett, H. D. 1994. Current zone reports. Zone IV Florida. "Vu par/Staudinger/Catalogue 1900"; "Fig. par CU- NewsSo. Lepid. Soc. 16:14. J. LOT/Noct et Geom d'Europe/Pl. 77 Fig. 4"; "EX Bauer,J. 1965. AnewCatocala from Florida(Lepidoptera: Noc- MUSAEO/BOISDUVAL"; "Ex Oberthur Coll./Brit. Bercteu,idaeE).. E1n8t7o0m.olF.auNneewsEn7t6o:m1o9l7o-g19i8q.ueFrancaiseLepidopteres. Mus. 1927-3." The type is in fact a specimen in good QuaJt.riemeVolume:Heteroceres,Noctuae.ChezDeyrolleFils, condition of Catocala louiseae, and not an aberrant Paris.256pp. Bergmann,A. 1954. Die Grosschmetterlinge Mitteldeutschlands. dwarfedspecimen ofCatocalafulminea. Band4/2. Eulen. Urania-Verlag,Jena.479pp. Because the nameprotonympha actually refers to a Boisduval, B.A. D.de. 1840. GeneraetIndexMethodicusEu- J. local and generally uncommon Nearctic Catocala ropaeorumLepidopterorum. Roret,Paris.238pp. Covell, C. V. 1984. A fieldguide tothe moths ofeastern North species, this explains priorlepidopterists' difficulties in America. Houghton Mifflin,Boston.496pp. placingprotonympha as a Palearctictaxon, andthe ab- Cromartie, J. & D. F. Schweitzer. 1997. Catocala louiseae, C. sence ofany Palearctic specimens other than Boisdu- grisatra and C.jair (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in North Car- val's type. The type locality of Paris, France for Culootl,ina.E1n9t1o3m-o1l9.17N.ewNsoc1t0u8e:l3l8e9s-3e9t0.Geometres d'Europe. Pre- protonympha is undoubtedlyerroneous, and likelythe mierJe. Partie. Noctuelles.Vol.2. Oberthur, Rennes.243pp. result ofalabelingerror or other misattribution. Bois- Forster, W. & T. A. Wohlfart. 1971. Die Schmetterlinge Mit- duval's type could evenbe one ofJohnAbbot's 18th or Gallt,elLe.uroFp.as1.99E1u.leEnv(oNloucttiuoindaarey).eWco.loKeglylero,fSstyutmtpgaatrrt.ic32C9atpopc.ala early 19th century Lepidopteraspecimens from Geor- moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). III. Experiments on female gia, as Catocala louiseae inhabits the counties in Geor- ovipositionpreference.J. Res. Lepid.29:217-233. Guenee,A. 1852. HistoireNaturelledesInsectes.SpeciesGeneral giawhereAbbotworked, andAbbotdiddepictlouiseae desLepidopteres.TomeSeptieme,Noctuelites,Tome3.Roret, in one of his unpublished watercolors in the Oemler Paris.441pp. compilation at the Houghton Library at Harvard Uni- Hacker, H. 1990. Systematische und synonymische Liste der NocktuidenDeutschlandsundderangrenzendenGebiete. Es- versity (the Francillon compilation ofAbbot's unpub- perianal:5-165. lished watercolors at the Natural History Museum, Hampson, G. F 1913. CatalogueoftheLepidopteraPhalaenaein London does not contain apainting oilouiseae). Note the British Museum. Volume 12. Taylor & Francis, London. that even though Guenee's illustration ofprotonympha Hodg6e2s6,ppR.. W. 1983. Check list ofthe Lepidoptera ofAmerica is stylized, it matches the typewell, andis nevertheless northofMexico. Univ. Press,Cambridge.284pp. recognizable aslouiseae. Staudingerand Rebel's (1901) Leraut, P. 1980. Listesystematiqueetsynonymiquedeslepidop- teres de France, Belgique et Corse. Alexanor 13 (supple- mischaracterization of Guenee's illustration seems all ment):1-334. themorepeculiarinlightofdiedatalabelthatindicates Lhomme,L. 1923-1935. CataloguedesLepidopteresdeFranceet Staudinger examined Boisduval's specimen, and espe- deBelgique.VolumeI.L. Lhomme,Paris.800pp. cially since Staudinger and Wocke (1871) initially felt NealS,ocT..2119:9394.. StateCoordinatorreports.Florida.NewsSo.Lepid. thatprotonympha mightnotbeaPalearcticspecies. Poole,R.W. 1989. Noctuidae.Part3.LepidopterorumCatalogus Thus, the nameprotonympha Boisduval (1840) has (N. S.),Fasc. 118:1015-1314. been mistakenly tabulated throughout the 20th cen- Sargent,T. D. 1976. Legionofnight:theunderwingmoths. Univ. MassachusettsPress,Amherst.222pp. tury in the Palearctic Catocala literature as a junior Schrank,FP. 1802. FaunaBioica. DurchgedachteGeschichteder subjective synonym offulminea Scopoli (1763). The in Baiern Einheimischen un Zahmen Thiere. Zweyter Band. nameprotonympha has neverappeared in the Nearc- ScopoZlwie,yteAAb.thi1l76u3n.genE.ntKorumloll,oIgnigaolsCtaardnti.ol1i7c3appE.xhibens Insecta tic Catocala literature, and reintroducing the name CarnioJl.iae IndigenaetDistributeinOrdines, Genera, Species, 174 Journalofthe Lepidopterists' Society Varietates Methodo Linnaeana. Joannis Thomae Trattner, Staudinger, O. & M. Wocke. 1871. Catalog der Lepidopteren Wien.418pp. desEuropaeischenFaunengebiets. [Nopublishergiven],Dres- Seitz, A. 1909-1914. Die Gross-Sohmetterlinge der Erde. Die den.426pp. BGraonsds-S3c.hmeDtiteerlEiunlgeenardteisgePnalaNeaacrhkttfialstcehre.n FAalfurneedngeKbieemteens,. Lawrence F. Gall, Entomology Division, Peabody Stuttgart.511pp. Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Spuler,A. 1906-1908. Die SchmetterlingeEuropas. BandI.All- Haven, Connecticut06520, USA, andDavidC. Hawks, gemeinerTeil. SpeziellerTeil. E. Schweizerbarche, Stuttgart. Department ofEntomology, University of California 385pp. Staudinger,O. &H. Rebel. 1901. CatalogderLepidopterendes Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA PHeapliaaelairdcatei.scRh.enFrFiaeudnleanngdeebrie&teSso.hnI.,TBheerilli:n.Fa4m1i1l.ppP.apilionidae- NReocveeimvbedefro2r0p0u1b.lication 7November2001;revisedandaccepted21