PEE-AEYAN AND PEE-DRAVIDIAN IN INDIA PRINTED BY BHDPENDBALAL BANRBJEB AT THECALCUTTA UNIVERSITYPREBB, SENATE HOUftR, CALCUTTA. K. No. 854B. June, 1929 K PREFACE As the following articles have opened up a new field of enquiry, I have found it necessary to make them accessible to our scholars and students. I am thankful to the authors, Professors Sylvain Levi, Jules Bloch and Jean Przyluski, for kindly permitting me to publish these translations in the form of a book. The introduction is meant for our students, and it does not pretend to be exhaustive. A number of similarities between Indo-Aryan and Austric words have been suggested by my friend and colleague Dr. S. K. Chatterji, and such suggestions have also occurred to me. As some of the words noted by us are popular vernacular terms, not usually registered in dictionaries, it was thought that their discussion might be h propos to the subject so brilliantly inaugurated by the eminent French scholars. In spite of my best endeavours, some possible slips in translation and transliteration, have crept in : for these I crave the indulgence of the authors as well as the reader. But these, I hope, will not detract from the merit of the original papers, which are singularly valuable for the reconstruction of the foundations of our history and culture. I have gratefully to acknowledge the assistance E receivedfrom Dr. A. C. Woolner for having gone through portions of the translation in MS., and also from Dr. S. K. Chatterji for his constant active interest in the publication of the work. P. C. BAGCHI. THBUNIVERSITY, CALCUTTA : 1stMay, 1929. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION ... ... ... i Some more Austric Words in Indo-Aryan (S. K. Chatterji and P, C. Bagchi) ... xix PART I Non-AryanLoansinIndo-Aryan (J. Przyluski) S kadall, p. 4; data, kambala, 8imbalay p. 6; lahgaldylanguid,linga, p.8; Namesof betel, p. 15; Bengali numeration and Non-Aryan Loans, p. 25. PART II Sanskrit and Dravidian (Jules Blooh) ... 35 PART III Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidianin India(fylvain Lvi) ... ... ... 63 APPENDIX TO PART I Further Notes on Non-Aryan Loans in Indo- Aryan (J. Przyluski) ... 127 matanga, p. 129 ; maytora, mayuka, maruka, p. 131 ; Names of Indian Toiras in the Geography of Ptolemy, p. 188 ; kodumbara- odumbara, p. 149. APPENDIX TO PART III I. Faloura-Dantapura (Sylvain Lvi) ... 168 II. Note on Tosala and Dhauli (P.C. Bagchi) 176 ADDITIONS AND CORRBOTIONS ... ... 179 INTRODUCTION.1 AUSTRO-ASIATIC. A linguistic unity in the Mon-Khmer group (then called Mon-Annam) was first pointed out by Logan and others and established on a sure footing by Keane in 1880, Forbesin his work, Comparative Grammar of the Languages of Further India (1881)9 incontestably proved the exis- tence of this linguistic unity. In 1888 Miiller* continued the same study further. Euhn in 1889 while emphasising on this linguistic unity remarked 3 " what is more striking is the relation with Annamite; there is undeniable relation of the monosyllabic group : Khasi-Mon-Khmer with Kolh, Nancowry, and the dialects of the aborigines of Malacca," Schmidt pushed the work of Kuhn further 4 and estab- lished the relation between the languages of the Malay peninsula and the Mon-Khmer group. He studied also the correspondence in the vocabularies 5 and the phonetic laws of those languages. He then applied these laws to 1 The first part of the Introduction is based on (and partly translated from) the French translation of Pater Schmidt's article. Of.BEFEOVII,pp. 217ff. 1 QrundrissderSprachwissenschajt, Vol. IV (Appendix). 8 Beitr&gezurSprachen-kunde Hinterindiens, Sitz. der K. bayer KL Akad-derwissensch.phil.hist. 1889, I,p. 219. * DieSprachen derSakeiundSemang aufMalakkaundihr Verh&l- tnis zu den Mon-khmer Sprachen, Bijdragen tot de Taal Landen VolkenkundevanNederl. Indie,6thseries,FartVIH. B Qrundz&ge einer Lautiehre der Mon-khmer Sprachen (1905), DenksohriftenderKaiserl.Akad. d. Wiss. inWien (phil. hist,), EL f Vol INTRODUCTION ii the study of Khasi.1 In an appendix to his study of Khasi heexamined Palong, Wa and Riang of the middle valley of the Salween. Palong was already connected with the Mon-Khmerfamily by Logan and Euhn. Grierson Wa in his Linguistic Survey (II, pp. 1, 88ff.) added Wa and Riang to it. and Riang extends almost to the same latitude asKhasi. Schmidt next studied ' the Nikobarese and by astudy ofits phonology proved that it belongs to the Mon-Khmer family and is related toother languages which belong to the samegroup. There is resemblance even in particular details of vocalism and consonantism. It has the same development for the roots in ya and ioa as in theMon- Khmer languages, the same for the mode of the production of palatals. As to the morphology, it presents some earlier phases of morphological development in many cases and gives us the key for explaining a series of forms in Mon-Khmer.8 Nicobarese is not pollysyllabic as often said; the roots are monosyllabic like otherMon-Khmer languages and are developed by infixes and prefixes. There are besides suffixes in it which are completely missing in other Mon-Khmer languages. Most of these suffixes indicate direction (as it happens in the languages of islands) meaning cardinal points. But there areafew which have purely grammatical function. Hence Niko- barese isa link between the MundS (or Kol) and the great einer Lautlehre der Khati-Sprache in ttiren Be*i- ehungin uderjtnigenfarMon-kJimer Sprachcn(1905) : Abhandlnogen derkflnigl.BayerAkad.d.Wies.(I.EL,Vol. XXII,III). * C/. Gr. Mon-khmer Sprachen, 199 ff. and225ff., Qr.Khati. Sproohe,J 151ff. > Ct.AppendixtoDieMonomer VBiker,tin Bindeglied Zwischen V&lke ZentralatientundAuetronetitnt,1906 (cf. FrenchTrsnilatioD, BBFBO,yn,pp.251ff.).