PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT Spanish Vocabulary Dorothy Richmond New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-151062-1 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-145806-9. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editori- al fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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DOI: 10.1036/0071458069 For more information about this title, click here Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Preliminary matters 1 The Spanish alphabet and its pronunciation 2 Stress and accent marks 3 Plurals 5 Diphthongs 6 Punctuation marks 7 Cognates 8 Basic greetings 12 Highly useful data 13 1 The basics 18 Defi nite articles 19 Indefi nite articles 22 Yo tengo...,yo quiero... 25 Está, the “is” of location 28 The use of hay 30 vocabulary building The diminutive suffi xes -ito and -ita 35 Standard orthographic changes 36 Cracking the gender code 37 Vocabulary Family and friends 20 The animal kingdom 22 Around the house 25 Some basic words 26 The numbers 0–10 27 Está 28 Words of location 28 Items in and around the house 31 iii 2 Regular verbs 41 Conjugation of regular -ar verbs 42 Deleting the understood subject pronoun 48 Conjugation of regular -er verbs 50 Qualitative adjectives 56 Conjugation of regular -ir verbs 60 vocabulary building The suffi x -ería 67 Vocabulary Common-ar verbs 44 Places of employment 46 Musical instruments 47 Common-er verbs 50 Food and drink 51 Colors 57 Common qualitative (descriptive) adjectives 58 Cognate adjectives 59 Common-ir verbs 60 In and around the school 62 Stores 67 3 Asking questions 70 Simple questions 71 Negative responses 74 Complex questions 77 Negative questions 80 Questions of quantity and limitation 82 The contractions al and del 85 Street addresses 87 vocabulary building The suffi xes -ero and -era 90 Vocabulary Items of clothing 72 Fabrics and material 74 Clothing: parts and decorations 79 Tour ist sites: buildings 81 More tourist sites 84 Cooking phrases that use al 87 Directions on a map 88 iv Contents 4 Irregular verbs 93 Jugar (to play [a game]) 95 Poder (to be able to) and querer (to want) 99 Tener (to have) 103 Possessive adjectives 107 Ir,salir, and venir: three irregular verbs of motion 108 Hacer (to do, make) 110 The fi ve senses: oír (to hear), oler (to smell), probar (to taste), ver (to see), tocar (to touch) 115 Direct object pronouns 116 The personal a 122 Poner (to put, place) 128 Dar (to give) and decir (to say, tell) 131 Indirect object pronouns 131 vocabulary building The suffi xes -eraand-ero 133 Vocabulary Sports and games 95 Sports matters 98 Means of transportation 109 Idioms with hacer 111 The weather 113 Types of books and things to read 118 Professions 124 Household items/fi xtures 128 Verbs of communication and the movement/transfer of objects 132 5 The verbs ser and estar (to be) 139 Conjugation of ser and estar 140 Uses of estar 142 Preposition (cid:1) infi nitive 153 Demonstrative adjectives 154 Uses of ser 158 Possessive pronouns 170 Comparisons with ser and estar 177 Neuter demonstrative pronouns 184 vocabulary building Suffi xes that denote origin and/or nationality 186 Vocabulary Emotional states and moods 143 Physical conditions 144 Physical appearance 147 Results of action 151 Adverbs and prepositions of location 157 The clock 162 Time expressions 165 Signifi cant dates of the year 168 Relationships 173 Personality descriptions 176 Advertising 180 Situational descriptions 185 Contents v 6 Saber and conocer 191 Saber and conocer (to know) 192 Adding object pronouns to the infi nitive 212 Pedir and preguntar (to ask) 217 Sacar,tomar,llevar,quitar (to take) 220 Completar,terminar,cumplir,acabar (de) (to complete, fi nish, or end) 224 Formation of adverbs 228 vocabulary building Compound words 231 Vocabulary In the laboratory 193 Biology 195 Chemistry 197 Physics and mechanics 199 Electricity 201 The arts 204 Art styles and movements 206 Art class 208 Music 211 Theater and movies 214 Television and radio 219 Communications 222 Computers 226 7 Stem-changing verbs 234 Stem-changing verbs 234 vocabulary building The suffi x -ismo 252 vocabulary building The suffi x -ista 252 Weights and measures 256 vocabulary building The suffi x -ado/-ada 263 Vocabulary Life and death 237 The press 240 Politics and government 244 Politicians 248 International politics 251 Shopping 253 Weight, density, and liquid measures 258 Length and shape 259 Geometric shapes 260 Expressions of quantity 261 Containers 262 vi Contents 8 Refl exive verbs 265 Refl exive verbs 265 Ponerse,hacerse,volverse a,convertirse en,llegar a ser (to become) 274 Gustar 288 Verbs that take an indirect object pronoun 292 Doler 293 vocabulary building The medical suffi xes -itis and-osis 305 Vocabulary Common refl exive verbs 267 The human body 269 Addiction and violence 271 Religion 101 275 Religion 102 278 Social issues 282 Cooking 285 The emergency room 294 Personal hygiene 296 In the doctor’s offi ce 298 Medical specialists 301 In the dentist’s offi ce 303 In the optician’s offi ce 304 9 Para and por 307 Para and por 308 vocabulary building The suffi x -ario 340 Reciprocal pronouns 346 Vocabulary Travel 309 Road travel 312 Travel by plane 316 Travel by train 318 Travel by boat 320 Streets and roads 323 Vacations and camping 325 At the hotel 327 Language 330 Listening and talking 332 Reading and writing 335 Postsecondary education 338 Geography 341 The environment and the ecosystem 344 War and peace 348 Weapons 351 Military personnel 353 Contents vii 10 The passive voice and negatives 356 The passive voice 356 Negatives 366 Vocabulary Crime 358 Trial and sentencing 362 At work 368 In the offi ce 372 In the factory 374 In the toolshed 376 Business 378 Banking and the economy 380 Social life 385 Answer key 389 Subject and vocabulary index 433 viii Contents Preface Language, like all forms of art and beauty, is about making connections and e nhancing life. Any human action, from writing a novel to taking a walk, can be raised to the level of art. It can also be reduced to mechanics: functional, but lifeless. As you study Spanish, you can choose to approach it as an art form or as a practical tool for communicating with others, or anything in between. h e lan- guage itself and its various opportunities do not change—they are there for the taking. What you come away with is based on your choice of orientation. Both approaches—artistic and utilitarian—require diligence and hard work, with attention paid to both grammar and vocabulary. A lopsided approach, how- ever, can greatly diminish your enjoyment and success. Language is like a house h ink of learning a language the way a i ne house is built. First comes the founda- tion. h e structure must be solid, well thought out, of quality material and crat s- manship. Measurements must be exact, lines straight, surfaces level. Laying a foundation is serious business, and structure, rules, and formulae tried and true— not originality—reign. In language, this foundation is called grammar, a feature as necessary as architectural footings, even though it has been unconscionably dis- counted in recent years. Imagine what a building would look like if its foundation were not solid. h is is exactly what happens to language when the grammatical structure is shaky: It crumbles. Where the careless builder now has a pile of rubble, the inattentive stu- dent of language is surrounded by a mountain of words, each potentially useful, some even complex and beautiful, but rendered useless in the absence of structure. h us it is that this book—a text designed to build your vocabulary—begins not with a l urry of words, but with a solid introduction to Spanish grammar. h e words will come because we need them—grammar is pointless without vocabu- lary—but words remain rootless and adrit without the glue of grammatical structure. Purpose and organization of this book Practice Makes Perfect: Spanish Vocabulary of ers you the maximum amount of vocabulary with the minimum amount of grammar needed to give the words life. h e nitty-gritty technical and grammatical aspects of the language—which are endless and will be debated long at er we’re all gone—are not included. Instead, ix Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.