fee \ ORIS FORLAG ASE-BERIT AND ROLF STRANDSKOGEN Practical Norwegian Grammar Translated from the original and adapted by Barbara White ORIS, 1986 Contents Preface L Parts of speech VERBS INFINITIVE IMPERATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE INDICATIVE Active Pirssive Present Past (Imperiect) Pertect Pluperfect Future Future Perfeet Conelvional Conditional Pertect “The Contiauous Aspee SFOUENCE OF TENSES MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxibiacies without 2 main ver TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB Conjugation of some inteansitive ane! transitive verbs SEPARABLL AND INSEPARABLE COMPOUND VERBS 35 PRESENT PARTICIPLE a7 VERBS ENDING IN-S 38 CONIUGATIONS a0. ARTICLES 45 FORM. as Articles in relation to nouns 45 Arricles in relation to adjectives 46 FUNCTION Simple‘conmound getinire Rules for use of che NOUNS GENDER Maseuting Feminine Neuter : DECLENSIONS Masculine nouns Feminine nouns Neuter nouns MORE ABOUT SINGULAR AND PLURAL. DEFINITE OR INDEFINITE KORM cAsP Nominative Genitive Dative COMPOUND NOUNS Nowa | Nowa Adjective + Noun Veub + Noun Preposition ~ Noun Adverl) + Noun DECLENSTONS Reyular declension Arcegular forms Litem «Anuieny and «egens eMaunges and «nyea , The indefinite form of the adjeerive the definite form of the adjective Succesiive adjectives The past participle used as an adjective Other adjectives ending in -et Comparison of adjectives Concord ADVERBS FORMS Comparison of adverbs. ADVERBS OF DIGREL Velelige ~ winyes — xenday — vallers ADVERBS OF PLAC Stative and dynamic pairs Pairs witt the same meanings ADVERKS OF MANNER Slikisinn» ~ wsttkvsin' «Plvardans ADVERBS OF MODIFICATION «Dato, anak», «joo, wvels. ain, «sikkerts sHellers ADVERBS OF TIME “Ennis ~ venga Dar ~ asi «Noes gang» — «Noen wangern aSjelden» ~ «sjeldents ‘tate ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF TIME «1 git» — ai dage — i morgen» Om sommerenvinteren» «Om dageninaitens. Md ite — «4 Arete Duration of time Holidays. How long» During PRONOUNS PERSONAL. PRONOUNS Subject form Subject or object form Indefinite use ~ sdhus, «de» Neutral forms ~ wden>, «dete Repetition of subject forin Object form in exclamations REULEXIVE PRONOUNS, In reflexive verbs . Comparison with object form of personal pronouns Reflexivoinant-rellexive verbs Infinitives after retlesive pronuns POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Position of possessives Genitive Retlesive possessive pronouns DEMONSTRAIVE PRONOUNS Tarm, Obligatory neuter singuiar fem Definite activie or demonstrative Compound:Sinple detinite Special note on demonstrative pronouns Other demonstrative proneuns Slike: aslikts ~ oshike «Sammes Selvinjailfe}> Beg - INTERROGA ITVE PRONOUNS Hvem> oFyas cBvilken» clwitkets — chvilkes «Hya for en‘etnocinuen» RELALIVE PRONOUNS, Some As subject in relati Spetial uses of sone Literary forms onoun’? Each other INDEFINITE PRONOUNS One Assertive pronouns — noen!mie amnemunetiandee mangeiniye Negaitive pronouns - no oaeinothing Universal pronouas ~ allieveryonereverything ichiovery Impersonal promot CONJUNCTIONS COORDINATING CONIUNCTIONS SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS At On Conjunetions of time Eller ate ~ sellers — wetterpa Fore - «forans - «tidligere» Conjunctions 0} Forti» ~ for “Ford ‘njanetions of condition “<Uten ait ~ suten & Conjunctions of concession Conjanetions af purpose: Conjunctions of result «Sée ‘Conjunetions nf comparison aciertin INTERJECTIONS, NUMERALS CARDINALS‘ORDINALS, Notes an «eniéniot’etts Second Alternative forms Dates and age Money Some idioms, Numerals written as words or tigures PREPOSITIONS Phice Time Purpose Means, Autribute Genitive Passive 160 Prepositional phrases which replace genitives : r Prepositionsl phrases which replace compound nouns 16t Idiomatic prepesitional phrases 162 II Sentence elements 180 SUBJECT . si Det» as subj 180 VERB PERAS! + 181 COMPLEMENT .. 182 OBIECT . 183 INDIRECT OBIECT Ise ADVERBIAL 135 IIL Sentence structure . 1K MAIN CLAUSES, 186 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES ree B86 IV Word order a 188 MAIN CLAUSES — 188 Position of the subject . 188 Position of the verb phrase 188 Position of the adver 190 Position of the direct and indirect ob 192 Position of the reflexive pronoun SUBORDINATE CLAUSES : SUBORDINATE CLAUSE RELATIVE TO MAIN CLAUSE . 14 Subordinate clause fist. 194 Main clause first 194 RULES FOR THE USE OF COMMAS «0... 195 Index : . wr Preface "This grammar has been written specially for non-Norwegians, Our nim has been te give i simples, step-by-step presentation of the ugrammacical rules and systems of Norwegian «bokmal», one of the ‘vo official written varionls of Norwegian. ‘The many examples given ‘throughout the Pook assist the reacler in practical usages which have proved dillicult lor those learning the language, As the intention of this book is to give a practical guide to modern Nerweeian as itis used in an everyday contest, emphasis has been given ta providing translations of eae Norwegian examples whieh are as colloguial and iiomatic as possible. ‘The British English variants used throughout in the translasions may an occasion appear unfamiliar to speakers of, for example. American English, but this should not be an obstacle to a Tull understanding of the text Hashim, January 1986 Ase-Herit and Rolf Strandskagen Barbara Whise