SECOND EDITION Practical Gastroenterology and Hepatology BOARD REVIEW Toolkit Edited by Nicholas J. Talley Kenneth R. DeVault Michael B. Wallace Bashar A. Aqel Keith D. Lindor Practical gastroenterology and hepatology board review toolkit Practical gastroenterology and hepatology board review toolkit Editor-in-Chief Nicholas J. Talley SectionEditors Kenneth R. DeVault Michael B. Wallace Bashar A. Aqel Keith D. Lindor Second Edition Thiseditionfirstpublished2016©2016byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissiontoreusethe copyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell TherightoftheauthorstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyany means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatents Act1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Talley,NicholasJoseph,editor.|Aqel,BasharA.,editor.|Lindor,KeithD.,editor.|DeVault,Ken,editor.|Wallace, MichaelB.(MichaelBradley),editor. Title:Practicalgastroenterologyandhepatologyboardreviewtoolkit/editor-in-chief,NicholasJ.Talley;sectioneditors,BasharA. Aqel,KeithLindor,KennethDeVault,MichaelWallace. Description:Secondedition.|Chichester,WestSussex;Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2016.|Precededbythreeworks originallypublishedin2010asindividualvolumes:Practicalgastroenterologyandhepatology.Esophagusandstomach, Practicalgastroenterologyandhepatology.Liverandbiliarydisease,andPracticalgastroenterologyandhepatology.Smallandlarge intestineandpancreas.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2016000004|ISBN9781118829066(pbk.)|ISBN9781118829080(epub)|ISBN9781118829073(AdobePDF) Subjects:|MESH:DigestiveSystemDiseases|DiagnosticTechniques,DigestiveSystem Classification:LCCRC801|NLMWI140|DDC616.3/30076–dc23LCrecordavailableathttp://lccn.loc.gov/2016000004 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronic books. Coverimage:Getty/Ugreen Setin9/11ptMinionProbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2016 Contents Listofcontributors,ix Part4: DiseasesoftheEsophagus Foreword,xv 14 GastroesophagealRefluxDisease,85 Preface,xvii RobertT.KavittandMichaelF.Vaezi Aboutthecompanionwebsite,xviii 15 Barrett’sEsophagus,91 ShanmugarajahRajendraandPrateekSharma SectionI: HowtoAcetheBoardsin 16 EosinophilicEsophagitis,98 GastroenterologyandHepatology JeffreyA.Alexander 1 IntroductionandOverviewoftheGastroenterologyBoards,3 17 Strictures,Rings,andWebs,105 BrooksCash IoannisS.PapanikolaouandPeterD.Siersema SectionII: Esophagusandstomach Part5: DiseasesoftheStomach EditorsKennethR.DeVaultandNickJ.Talley 18 PepticUlcerDisease,115 FrancisK.L.ChanandNicholasJ.Talley Part1: PathobiologyoftheEsophagusandStomach 19 Helicobacterpylori,121 2 Anatomy,Embryology,andCongenitalMalformationsof BarryJ.Marshall theEsophagusandStomach,11 LoriA.OrlandoandRoyC.Orlando 20 Gastritis,126 MassimoRuggeandDavidY.Graham 3 EsophagealandGastricMotorFunction,15 KennethR.DeVault,ErnestP.Bouras, 21 Gastroparesis,132 andNicholasJ.Talley HenryP.ParkmanandNicholasJ.Talley 22 Non-varicealUpperGastrointestinalBleeding,138 Part2: OtherDiagnosticModalities ThomasJ.Savides 4 RadiologicApproachtoDiagnosis,23 23 OtherGastricTumors(BenignandMalignant),145 StephenW.TrenknerandJamesE.Huprich Sun-ChuanDaiandMichaelL.Kochman 5 EsophagealMotilityDisorders,28 24 EosinophilicGastroenteritis,152 MagnusHallandandKennethR.DeVault MagnusHallandandNicholasJ.Talley 6 GastricMotilityTesting,36 25 EsophagealandGastricInvolvementinSystemicand JanTack CutaneousDiseases,156 JohnM.Wo Part3: Problem-BasedApproachtoDiagnosis andDifferentialDiagnosis Part6: FunctionalDiseaseoftheEsophagus andStomach 7 GeneralApproachtoHistory-TakingandPhysical ExaminationoftheUpperGastrointestinalTract,43 26 FunctionalEsophagealDisorders,169 EvanS.DellonandEugeneM.Bozymski EllionoreJarbrink-Sehgal,KennethR.DeVault, andNicholasJ.Talley 8 Heartburn,Regurgitation,andChestPain,46 KennethR.DeVault 9 Dysphagia,52 SectionIII: IntestineandPancreas DawnL.Francis EditorMichaelWallace 10 MiscellaneousUpperGastrointestinalSymptoms,56 Part1: PathobiologyoftheIntestineandPancreas MohamedSultanandJamesH.Lewis 27 ClinicalAnatomy,Embryology,and 11 Dyspepsia,70 CongenitalAnomalies,177 NicholasJ.Talley,KateNapthali,andKennethMcQuaid AdvityaMalhotraandJosephH.Sellin 12 NauseaandVomiting,74 28 Small-IntestinalHormonesandNeurotransmitters,181 JohnK.DiBaise JamesReynolds 13 Hematemesis,79 29 MucosalImmunologyoftheIntestine,187 ThomasO.G.KovacsandDennisM.Jensen ManeeshDaveandWilliamA.Faubion v vi Contents 30 MotorandSensoryFunction,191 53 IntestinalObstructionandPseudo-obstruction,313 VineetS.GudsoorkarandEamonnM.M.Quigley MagnusHallandandPurnaKashyap 31 Neoplasia,198 JohnM.Carethers Part4: DiseasesoftheColonandRectum 54 UlcerativeColitis,323 Part2: Problem-BasedApproachtoDiagnosis SunandaV.Kane andDifferentialDiagnosis 55 ClostridiumdifficileInfectionandPseudomembranous 32 GeneralApproachtoRelevantHistory-Takingand Colitis,328 PhysicalExamination,203 ByronP.VaughnandJ.ThomasLamont ChristopherL.SteeleandSuzanneRose 56 ColonicIschemia,333 33 AcuteDiarrhea,213 TimothyT.Nostrant JohnR.Cangemi 57 AcuteDiverticulitis,338 34 ChronicDiarrhea,218 YuliyaY.YurkoandToniaM.Young-Fadok LawrenceR.Schiller 58 AcuteColonicPseudo-obstruction,343 35 LossofAppetiteandLossofWeight,223 MichaelD.Saunders AngelaVizziniandJaimeAranda-Michel 59 ColonicPolypsandColorectalCancer,349 36 GastrointestinalFoodAllergyandIntolerance,227 JohnB.Kisiel,PaulJ.Limburg,andLisaA.Boardman MarkT.DeMeo 60 PregnancyandLuminalGastrointestinalDisease,357 37 Obesity:PresentationsandManagementOptions,231 SumonaSaha AndresAcosta,ToddA.Kellogg,and 61 ConsequencesofHumanImmunodeficiency BarhamK.AbuDayyeh VirusInfection,363 38 Hematochezia,237 VeraP.LutherandP.SamuelPegram LisaL.Strate 39 ObscureGastrointestinalBleeding,241 Part5: DiseasesofthePancreas R.SameerIslamandShabanaF.Pasha 62 AcutePancreatitisand(Peri)pancreaticFluidCollections,371 40 Constipation,246 SanthiSwaroopVege ArnoldWald 63 ChronicPancreatitisandPancreaticPseudocysts,378 41 PerianalDisease,251 PierreHindyandScottTenner LeylaJ.GhaziandDavidA.Schwartz 64 PancreaticCancerandCysticPancreaticNeoplasms,383 42 FecalIncontinence,256 WilliamR.Brugge DavidPrichardandAdilE.Bharucha 43 ColorectalCancerScreening,261 Part6: FunctionalDiseasesoftheSmall KatherineS.GarmanandDawnProvenzale andLargeIntestine 44 EndoscopicPalliationofMalignantObstruction,266 65 IrritableBowelSyndrome,391 ToddH.Baron ElizabethJ.VidelockandLinChang 66 ChronicFunctionalConstipationandDyssynergic Part3: DiseasesoftheSmallIntestine Defecation,400 45 Crohn’sDisease,273 SatishS.C.RaoandYeongYehLee KaraM.DeFeliceandSunandaV.Kane 67 ChronicFunctionalAbdominalPain,407 46 Small-BowelTumors,279 AmyE.Foxx-Orenstein NadirArberandMenachemMoshkowitz 68 AbdominalBloatingandVisibleDistension,412 47 Small-IntestinalBacterialOvergrowth,285 MarkPimentel JohannaIturrinoandMadhusudanGrover Part7: Transplantation 48 CeliacDiseaseandTropicalSprue,291 AlbertoRubio-TapiaandJosephA.Murray 69 GastrointestinalComplicationsofSolidOrganand HematopoieticCellTransplantation,419 49 Whipple’sDisease,296 NatashaChandokandKymberlyD.S.Watt SeemaA.PatilandGeorgeT.Fantry 50 Short-BowelSyndrome,299 SectionIV: LiverandBiliaryTract AlanL.Buchman EditorsKeithLindorandBasharA.Aqel 51 Protein-LosingGastroenteropathy,304 Part1: DiagnosticApproachesinLiverDisease LaurenK.SchwartzandCarolE.Semrad 70 ApproachtoHistory-TakingandPhysicalExaminationin 52 AcuteMesentericIschemiaandChronic LiverandBiliaryDisease,429 MesentericInsufficiency,308 DavidD.Douglas TimothyT.Nostrant Contents vii 71 AcuteLiverFailure,435 88 TIPS,567 KhurramBariandRobertJ.Fontana SantiagoCornejoandSailendraNaidu 72 ImagingoftheLiverandBileDucts:Radiographicand 89 PrimaryCarcinomaoftheLiver,574 ClinicalAssessmentofFindings,442 RenumathyDhanasekaran,JulieK.Heimbach, ThomasJ.ByrneandAlvinC.Silva andLewisR.Roberts 73 AssessmentofLiverFibrosis:LiverBiopsyandOther 90 PregnancyandLiverDisease,582 Techniques,450 J.EileenHay SumeetK.AsraniandJayantTalwalkar 91 PediatricLiverDisease,587 74 EndoscopicTechniquesUsedintheManagementofLiver TamirMiloh andBiliaryTreeDisease:ERCPandEUS,455 TouficKachaamyandDouglasFaigel Part3: LiverTransplantation 92 IndicationsandSelectionofPatientsforLiver Part2: DiseasesoftheLiver Transplantation,601 75 AcuteViralHepatitis:HepatitisA,HepatitisE,andOther MichaelD.LeiseandMarieA.Laryea Viruses,465 93 WhatEveryHepatologistShouldKnowabout IlianaDoychevaandJuanF.Gallegos-Orozco LiverTransplantation,608 76 ChronicHepatitisBandD,473 PeterS.YooandDavidC.Mulligan VijayanBalan,JorgeRakela,andRebeccaCorey 94 ImmunosuppressionUsedinLiverTransplantation,617 77 HepatitisC,480 RebeccaL.CoreyandDavidD.Douglas MichaelCharltonandTravisDick 95 MedicalManagementoftheLiverTransplantPatient,626 78 BacterialandOtherNon-viralInfectionsoftheLiver,487 WilliamC.PalmerandDeniseM.Harnois MariaTeresaA.Seville,RobertoL.Patron, 96 OrganAllocationPolicy:PracticalIssuesandChallenges AnnMcCullough,andShimonKusne totheGastroenterologist,632 79 AlcoholicLiverDisease,498 JessicaYuandPratimaSharma MoiraHilscherandVijayShah 97 EndoscopicUltrasound,637 80 Drug-InducedLiverInjury,503 ThomasJ.Savides EinarBjo¨rnssonandNagaChalasani 81 AutoimmuneLiverDiseases,508 Online-OnlyChapters JustinA.ReynoldsandElizabethJ.Carey 98 Small-IntestinalUlcerations 82 VascularDiseasesoftheLiver,513 RezaY.AkhtarandBlairS.Lewis BrendaErnst,PierreNoel,andBasharA.Aqel 99 Enteroscopy 83 MetabolicSyndromeandNon-alcoholicFatty G.AntonDecker,JonathanA.Leighton,and LiverDisease,522 FrankJ.Lukens PaulAngulo 100 EsophagealDilation:AnOverview 84 Hemochromatosis,Wilson’sDisease,and ParthJ.ParekhandDavidA.Johnson Alpha-1-AntitrypsinDeficiency,530 101 AdvancedColonoscopy,Polypectomy,andColonoscopic LisaM.GlassandRollandC.Dickson Imaging 85 HepaticManifestationsofSystemicDiseases,538 FarrahRahmaniandDouglasK.Rex StephenCraneHauser 102 PhysiologyofWeightRegulation 86 DiseasesoftheBiliaryTractandGallbladder,543 LouisChaptiniandStevenPeikin WajeehSalahandM.EdwynHarrison 87 PortalHypertension,554 Index,641 HumbertoC.GonzalezandPatrickS.Kamath