Practical Atlas of Tung´s Acupuncture Henry McCann This book presents a complete overview of Master Tung’s Acupuncture - a system that has Hans-Georg Ross become increasingly popular during recent years due to its high effi cacy and concise theore- tical concepts. Introductory material elucidates the theoretical background and therapeutic strategies of Tung’s system. Key topics include the three main categories for point selection: Image Cor- s respondence (Taiji), Channel Correspondence, and Tissue Correspondence. Also described s are needling methods, point selection, and the concept of coupled needling (Dao Ma). o Practical Atlas of R The book provides a complete and extensive atlas of Tung’s acupuncture including important / n secret family lineage points. Point locations and indications are described both in terms of n Master Tung’s original zonal arrangement and with reference to the conventional primary Tung´s Acupuncture a channels with which they are functionally associated. A useful glossary correlates symptoms, C syndromes, and diseases with the appropriate points or point combinations applicable in each c M case.  4th Edition Over 50 diagrams provide the reader with a reliable quick location guide. Extensive comments e on almost each point or point group with cross references to various important classic and r modern sources explain the interrelationship between point location, indication, and needling u technique. t c n Dr. Henry McCann, DAOM, LAc u Henry McCann is a licensed acupuncturist and a doctor of acupuncture and p Oriental medicine. Prior to studying Oriental medicine, Dr. McCann graduated u from Oberlin College and Conservatory of Music, and was a Fulbright Fellow c to Japan. He completed a diploma at the New England School of Acupunc- A ture and fi nished his doctoral degree with specialties in geriatric medicine and women’s health at the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine. s Dr. McCann is on the faculty of the Oregon College of Oriental Medicine and ´ g the Pacifi c College of Oriental Medicine (New York). He regularly lectures throughout the United States and has taught acupuncture and Oriental me- n dicine in Ireland, Germany, and Austria. He is the author of a textbook on u Bloodletting Therapy in Acupuncture. T Dr. McCann maintains a private practice in northern New Jersey (USA). f o Prof. Dr. med. Hans-Georg Ross s a Hans-Georg Ross is a licensed acupuncturist and a certifi ed acupuncture l instructor (Chamber of Physicians, Düsseldorf). He received his training in t TCM and Acupuncture from the DÄGfA and the University Witten / Herdecke, A Germany. Prior to his professional training in Acupuncture Dr. Ross was a Professor of Neurophysiology at the Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düssel- l dorf and a Research Fellow at the University of Western Ontario (London / a Canada) and at the Indian Institute for Chemical Biology (Calcutta / India). c He is a Fellow of the Indian Academy for Neurosciences and an Emeritus i Member of the Society for Neuroscience (USA). t Dr. Ross has taught Acupuncture in Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands c and is the co-author of a textbook on the Balance-Method in Acupuncture. a He works as a general practitioner with focus on acupuncture. r P ISBN 978-3-87569-211-2 Verlag Müller & Steinicke Henry McCann Hans-Georg Ross Practical Atlas of Tung´s Acupuncture 4th Edition Verlag Müller & Steinicke Disclaimer Acupuncture and Chinese medicine (also known as Oriental medicine) are professional systems of health- care. The information in this text is not meant to be implemented by laypersons, and neither the authors nor the publisher advocate self treatment. Other healthcare providers interested in learning Chinese me- dicine should seek personal instruction. Patients who would like to receive treatment are urged to contact a trained and qualified professional healthcare provider. Medical science is a constantly evolving and ever changing field. The information in this text is provided in good faith, but neither the authors nor the publisher are responsible for errors or omissions, and cannot be held responsible for treatments undertaken after having read this book. This book is provided for the purpose of educating health professionals about Chinese medicine, and is for scholarly and research purposes only. © 2015 Verlag Müller & Steinicke München 1st Edition 2012 2nd Edition 2013 3rd Edition 2014 4th Edition 2015 ISBN 978-3-87569-211-2 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, photocopy, or other recording means, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Cover picture: Painting by Linde Ross Charcoal/acrylic on canvas, 2007 © VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn 2012 Printed in Germany Contents Foreword 7 Acknowledgements 9 1. Introduction 11 1.1. Conventions used in this book 13 2. Theoretical Basis of Point Selection, Point Location, and Point Indication in Tung’s Acupuncture 14 2.1. Point Selection based on Correspondence in Tung’s Acupuncture 14 2.1.1. Image Correspondence 15 2.1.2. Channel Correspondence 20 2.1.3. Tissue Correspondence 23 2.2. Point Selection based on Zone in Tung’s Acupuncture 25 2.2.1. Human Qi Circulation Reflects Nature 26 2.2.2. Zone Characteristics in Tung’s Acupuncture 27 2.2.3. Zone Functions Understood in Relation to the Five Transport Points 28 3. Tung’s Points: Locations and Indications 31 Zone 1 Points 11.01 – 11.27 33 Zone 2 Points 22.01 – 22.11, Gu Guan, Mu Guan, Fan Hou Jue, Zhong Kui, Zeng Chang Er, San Cha 1-3 51 Zone 3 Points 33.01 – 33.16 64 Zone 4 Points 44.01 – 44.17, Pian Jian, Hou Jian, Fu Ge San, Ding Ke, Gu Ci Yi, Gu Ci Er, Gu Ci San, Fei Qi Yi, Fei Qi Er 76 Zone 5 Points 55.01 – 55.06 91 Zone 6 Points 66.01 – 66.15 94 Zone 7 Points 77.01 – 77.28 103 Zone 8 Points 88.01 – 88.32, Qi Li, Pi Yi, Pi Er, Pi San 118 Zone 9 Points 99.01 – 99.08 137 Zone 10 Points 1010.01 – 1010.25, Shi Shui, Ma Ji 141 Zone DT Points DT.01, DT.02, DT.13, DT.14 155 4. Identifying Points by Symptoms, Syndromes and Diseases 157 5. Tung’s Use of Regular Channel Points 179 6. Therapeutic Index of Selected Established Point Combinations and Dao Ma Groups 185 Definitions of frequently used Dao Ma point group names 185 6.1. External Disease Patterns 187 6.2. Disease Patterns of the Sensory Orifices 187 6.2.1. Ears 187 6.2.2. Eyes 187 6.2.3. Nose 188 5 6.3. Lung Disease Patterns 188 6.4. Heart and Chest Disease Patterns (Including Mind-Affect Disorders) 189 6.4.1. Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders of the Chest 189 6.4.2. Mind-Affect Disorders (Jing-Shen Bing) 191 6.5. Spleen, Stomach and Intestine Disease Patterns (Including Diabetes) 191 6.6. Liver Disease Patterns (Including Hypertension) 193 6.7. Kidney and Bladder Disease Patterns 194 6.8. Disease Patterns of the Channels and Network Vessels (Including Pain Management and Stroke) 196 6.8.1. Head 196 6.8.2. Facial Region 196 6.8.3. Shoulder Region 197 6.8.4. Neck and Back 198 6.8.5. Upper Extremities 199 6.8.6. Lower Extremities 200 6.8.7. Stroke (Zhong Feng 中風) 201 6.9. Gynecology and Obstetrics Disease Patterns 202 6.9.1. Menstrual Disorders 202 6.9.2. Vaginal and Vulvar Disorders 203 6.9.3. Disorders of the Uterus 203 6.9.4. Disorders of the Fallopian Tubes and Ovaries 204 6.9.5. Breast Disorders 204 6.9.6. Disorders of Pregnancy and Fertility 204 6.9.7. Other Women’s Disorders 205 6.10. Miscellaneous 205 6.11. Points by Chinese Medical Function 206 7. Tung’s Needling Guidelines 207 8. Point Indexes 210 8.1. Index of Tung’s Points according to Zones and Numbers with their Related Channels and TCM-Points 210 8.2. Index of Tung’s Points according to their Chinese Names (Pin Yin) 215 8.3. Index of Tung’s Points and their Reaction Areas 217 9. Literature 226 10. Main Index 228 6 Authors’ Preface for the Second, Third, and Fourth Edition We all know that effective learning and improvement happens through our mistakes if we humbly accept them and correct them adequately. Therefore we thank all our readers and all participants in our seminars for their critical and helpful comments. All of them are virtually co-authors of this edition. February 2013 January 2014 February 2015 Henry McCann, Hans-Georg Ross Foreword It is certainly an exciting time to be involved in the study and practice of our long-lived medical art. Reminiscent of all the great eras in the development of Chinese medicine, we are currently witnessing exciting debate amongst various approaches to clinical practice. One can find lectures around the world drawing not only from the best of Asian traditions but also expressing innovative ideas from countries where our field did not even exist 50 years ago. This excellent book represents a thoughtful, clinically relevant contribution to the process which seems to characterize the best of 21st century ‘Asian’ medicine. In the following pages, Drs. McCann and Ross have taken significant steps toward bringing the work of the Tung family tradition into what will hopefully be a growing dia- logue with other acupuncture approaches. Readers may remember their first encounter with ‘Tung-style’ acupuncture from the old book by Miriam Lee (Master Tong’s Acupuncture) or from seminars given by Wei-Chieh Young, Richard Tan, Susan Johnson and many others. Like many students of acupuncture, I have been alternately fascinated by and frustrated with an approach that can overwhelm with the sheer abundance of points and indications. For someone who must under- stand how a particular treatment is being used within the context of a coherent system of diagnosis and theory, it was often difficult to know when to choose many of the points. Consequently, over the years I have gotten to know a few favorite points from this tradition but have failed to expand into what is a demonstrably useful system. For me, this text finally provides a clear explanation of how to overlap the body maps from the Tung system with the more familiar maps of regular channel theory. To the new student of Tung style, I would suggest a metaphor. One might analogize the study of acupuncture to the study of a foreign language. In the earliest years of our study, we learn the core syntax of basic channel theory and begin to express ourselves with the so-called ‘important points’ which come up again and again in the modern clinic. Over time, our ability to communicate within the context of the channel system becomes more so- phisticated as our ‘vocabulary’ of points increases. Points that may have been very rarely used in the initial years of practice finally become more familiar as we begin to recognize the occasions when they apply. In studies with my teacher Dr. Wang Ju-yi, I would often point out that he doesn’t seem to use such-and-such point. He would invariably reply that, “No, you just haven’t yet seen the type of situation where that point is appropriate”. Just as predicted, a few months later we would see a patient where he would needle a point I hadn’t seen him use before and a new term would be added to my expanding vocabulary. To continue with the metaphor, the study of Tung style is much like the process of studying a new, but very closely related language. Because the ultimate subject being described by these various systems is the human body, and because all acupuncture ultimately draws from a Chinese tradition, there is much here that will sound very familiar. In fact, I have recently found that one can gain deeper levels of understanding of the so-called regular channels (正經 zhèng jīng) by contempla- ting the innovative ways that Tung style uses points. For example, if a point is on the stomach channel then its unexpected application to non-traditional stomach channel functions in the Tung system actually sheds light on aspects of Yangming that are less often considered in mainstream education. This very tendency is addressed at length in the following pages. The point discussions which follow include ample comparison of various ideas regarding organ and channel function from both classical and modern sources. Consequently for the reader, the commentary sections can be as illuminating as the necessary lists of point locations and indications in the main body of the text. In order to make the text more readable, the authors have put a great deal of thought into style of presentation. Like other Tung-style books, they have broken the points into sections of the body. However, I have found it most useful that they locate images of point locations, written location descriptions and brief lists of indications all within the same page. As one becomes more familiar with the points, this aspect will allow the book to be used as a quick reference. For more details on how to understand the nature of each point, important groups of points are followed by the illuminating commentary. 7 In particular, I am excited by the second chapter which provides a very clear dissertation on the underlying theory which characterizes the Tung system. For ease of understanding, theory is broken into the three sub-sections of “Image,” “Channel” and “Tissue” correspondences. These three broad categories of theory are thus introduced early in the text and are referenced throughout the main body of point descriptions. Thinking again of my early difficulties with this system, I found myself finally able to understand why particular points might have a given in- dication. In other words, a coherent discussion of theory at the outset finally begins to give rise to a living, flexible system as the later sections unfold. As mentioned earlier, another problem for the new student of Tung acupuncture is the sheer abundance of new points. To that end, chapter six provides an interesting index of frequently used point combinations. In this sec- tion, the authors have carefully combined the experience of senior practitioners in this tradition with their own clinical work to provide a unique resource. Chapter six is therefore particularly useful for the new student trying to ‘expand the vocabulary’ of their practice. A quick perusal of the protocols for common diseases reveals certain points and groups of points which come up most often. I would posit that these are the most common terms in the new language. In my own practice, I thus expect to first integrate the more commonly used points from the Tung tradition while always looking for difficult cases in which less-often used points might be applied. By combining a growing familiarity of the most common points with a better understanding of Tung-style theory, one might thus slowly integrate the approach with other styles of acupuncture. Thoughts for the future from an interested student In my conversations with the authors of this text, I have been impressed with their dedication to innovation and a lack of that dogmatic tendency which can sometimes arise in a time where many schools of thought abound. Like most of us practicing in the 21st century, we are hybrids of the various approaches described by multiple teachers. While agreeing that one should begin with a certain core prism through which to view the body, we seem to share that urge to always be on the lookout for new ways to improve clinical results. In that spirit, a few concepts might be put on the table for future discussion regarding the Tung tradition. As emphasized by the authors in the pages which follow, the points in the Tung tradition will be most effective when understood as part of a flexible theoretical system for balancing yin and yang. To that end, future work might involve striving for a greater understanding of these points in the context of current channel theory. Even more importantly, we can also use these points as a starting place for expanding and innovating to create new veins of channel/organ theory. As mentioned above, when a Tung-style point on a given channel treats a certain pattern, then we might broaden our understanding of the nature of that channel. Another possible path of innovation would involve the integration of more careful palpation into the process of diagnosis. As described above, one way to overcome the tendency to be overwhelmed by the volume of points is to step back and apply theoretical rigor to one’s diagnosis and choice. However, like many Chinese medical practitioners, I have noticed that theory can sometimes be used to justify less than effective clinical strategies. Elegant theoretical explanations may justify point choices which do not address the true pattern presenting on the treatment table. Of course, pulse, tongue and asking of questions helps to keep us based more firmly in re- ality. I would propose that palpation along entire channel pathways might also provide useful information which can help the Tung tradition to fine-tune and further balance treatments. For example, Table 2 (Chapter 2) pro- vides an excellent chart summarizing all of the possible channel correspondences that might allow one channel to treat another ‘diseased’ channel. One might find that palpation of channels which overlap in this chart can provide some interesting guidance for choosing a particular channel for treatment. Once a channel is chosen for treatment, then both regular channel points and Tung-style points can be considered. In particular, it may be clinically useful to first consider the channel one might use for treatment before thinking about individual points. Incidentally, the excellent index at the end of the book provides a useful resource for this very process as it lists the regular channel most-likely associated with a given Tung-style point. In the Introduction, the authors provide an excellent quote from Confucius which highlights the importance of what Chinese teachers often call ‘inspired insight’ (悟性 wù xìng). Whether teaching students or in my own stu- dies, I try to keep in mind the fact that a well-founded education requires evolution. Often called the ‘Rule of Jazz’ by trumpet player Clark Terry, useful insight is facilitated by a firm grasp on the basics of one’s craft. He therefore advocates a process summarized by the terms “Imitate, Assimilate, Innovate.” This book is written by those who have spent years in imitation and assimilation and now point the way to new roads of innovation. Jason D. Robertson Seattle, WA, USA 8 Acknowledgements I was first introduced to the basic concepts and points of Tung‘s acupuncture during my initial Chinese medicine training at the New England School of Acupuncture. In the years since then I keep returning to Tung‘s system because of both its clinical efficacy and its deep engagement with concepts that are the fundamental basis all of Chinese medicine. While the most obvious feature of this system is a seemingly unfamiliar set of extra points, I believe that Tung‘s acupuncture is deeply rooted in the Chinese medical classics as well as other classics of Chinese philosophy. Indeed my desire to understand more about these odd points led me to be a reader and then teacher of such books as the Huang Di Nei Jing (Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine) and the Lun Yu (the Analects of Confucius). Along these lines I believe that the study of Tung‘s points can lead all acupuncturists to a deeper understanding of conventional acupuncture, even if they never use the new and different points described in this book. We all owe a great debt of gratitude to Tung Ching Chang for sharing his family heritage with the outside world. It was through his generosity and openness that many clinicians will be able to help more patients in the years to come. I believe therefore, anyone who sincerely studies and applies Tung‘s system is automatically his direct heart disciple. Tung‘s system is so important that it should be taught to as many clinicians as possible without any holding back so that as many people as possible, now and in the future, can benefit from its efficacy. No endeavor happens by chance or by itself. I was lucky to have the yinyuan (因緣) to encounter this system and need to thank all of my teachers for their diligent instruction. Without a doubt I have learned something valuable from all of them, and without a doubt my patients have been the direct beneficiaries of their openness and wis- dom. Thanks to my patients for their trust in my abilities, and for being my most important teachers. Thanks to my partner Candace Sarges, M.Ac., L.Ac for her support, and to my student Heidi Kothe-Levie, MSTOM, L.Ac for her assistance with this manuscript. Finally my thanks go to my family, especially my wife Jen and my son Henry, for their love. May this book help eliminate suffering and the cause of suffering for all beings under the sky. Written during End of Heat (處暑) in the year Ren Chen (壬辰) 2012 New Jersey, USA Henry McCann (馬爾博) Unlike what happened to my friend and colleague Henry McCann, my primary professional conditioning influence was not Oriental Medicine but rather Western Science. This is certainly one driving force behind the dialectic pro- cess between us which has finally emanated in this book. We both wanted to know and thoroughly understand; we both looked from different perspectives, and eventually – after innumerable transcontinental emails – made it all fit together as much as we could. Among critical minds it is an accepted triviality that we cannot directly access reality. Even in physics which is perhaps the most exact science we need models of the world to make reality digestible by our conscious perception. How needling a patient at a certain point can cause a predictable result in terms of alleviating a defined complaint is still an enigma. The steps within the causal chain remain unclear; yet it works. Master Tung’s system, to my mind, provides us with a reliable model which explains what happens, makes acu- puncture reproducible, teachable, understandable, and therefore scientific. One day we may know better, but at the moment that’s where we stand. My thanks go to our publisher Stefan Müller-Gißler who has patiently and continuously supported our endeavor over the years. I remember how it all began over a cup of coffee at the 2010 TAO Congress Graz (Austria) when I showed him an edited handout I had put together for my Master Tung seminar, and we decided to make a small booklet out of it. When Henry agreed to join as an author, scaling and quality changed and the project exploded to yield the result which we now present before our readers. My thanks also go to Ms. Karoline Kreis who undertook the Herculean task to convert our diagrams into printable figures, and designed the book’s layout. Last but not least, I am grateful to my wife Linde who not only tolerated my obsession to write this book but also condensed our long text into a cover painting which says it all at a glance. Düsseldorf, Germany, August 2012 Hans-Georg Ross 9 Introduction 1. Introduction Throughout the history of Chinese medicine there have been several currents of Chinese medical practice. Some were well seated in the Confucian scholar tradition associated with the transmission of canonical writings such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. Alongside and concurrent to these traditions, China also had family lineages that were more or less kept as trade secrets among small groups of people. Over the last two thousand years of Chinese history, these family lineages have come and sometimes gone entirely if there were no heir to receive the information. Furthermore, even when these secret family traditions were taught, sometimes the true depth of information was withheld. This very traditional aspect of Chinese culture can certainly be a negative and dark one in the realm of medicine, especially since the greatest and most important texts of Chinese medicine (e.g., the Huang Di Nei Jing, Nan Jing, etc…) have always been transmitted openly and freely. In Chinese there is a phrase that “Medicine is the Art of Compassion” (醫為仁術 yi wei ren shu). Secret lineages of medicine that are not taught openly and possibly even allowed to die out due to the selfish motivation to retain knowledge or power in a select number of individuals stand in direct opposition to compassion. Tung’s acupuncture is one previously secret ancient family lineage of medicine that, thanks to the openness of its last proponent, has survived and flourished in modern times to the benefit of countless suffering patients. Tung Ching Ch’ang and the History of Tung Acupuncture According to the oral tradition of the Tung family (董; ‘Dong’ in Pinyin Romanization), Tung’s acupuncture dates back to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), although this cannot be verified historically in an academically rigorous sense. Until it reached the 20th century in accordance with tradition, this system of acupuncture was passed down only from father to eldest son. The last descendant of the Tung family to practice was Tung Ching Ch’ang (董景昌; Dong Jing Chang in Pinyin Romanization), born in 1916 in Ping Du County, Shandong Province, Republic of China (ROC). Affectionately known as ‘Master Tung’ by many of his students, Tung learned acupuncture at the footstep of his father. Unfor- tunately he lived during a very tumultuous time in Chinese history, and eventually as a young man Tung joined the Kuo Min Tang (KMT, Guo Min Dang in Pinyin Romanization) army to fight first against the Japanese in the Second Sino-Japanese War at the dawn of World War II, and then against the Maoists during the Nationalist- Communist Civil War. In 1949 the Maoists reigned victorious and the Nationalists (KMT) retreated to the island of Taiwan where they established the new seat of the ROC, while on the mainland the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was founded. As a Nationalist soldier, Master Tung also left permanently for the island of Taiwan. In the early 1960s, Master Tung retired from military service and opened a private acupuncture clinic. At the time he became so well known that he was frequently called to treat high level ROC cabinet members, and at one point he was sent as a cul- tural ambassador to Cambodia to treat the Cambodian Prime Minister Lon Nol (1913 – 1985) after he suffered a stroke. A photographic documentation of his stay at Phnom-Penh together with a copy of Lon Nol’s official letter of thanks is included in Tung’s original book. In 1966 ROC President Chiang Kai Shek established the Chinese Cultural Renaissance Movement (中華文 化復興運動; Zhonghua Wenhua Fuxing Yundong) to encourage preservation of traditional Chinese culture in direct response to the Cultural Revolution (文化大革命; Wenhua Da Geming) happening in the PRC. Master Tung was deeply touched by the movement and in order to preserve Tung’s acupuncture lineage for the benefit of future generations, he decided to train students outside of his own family, and on July 1, 1962 he took Lin Ju Chu as his first. Over the course of the rest of his life Master Tung trained 73 students who eventually went on to continue teaching Tung’s acupuncture. In 1968 Tung produced a set of notes about his points that were used by his students. Later in 1973, with the help of Yuan Guo Ben, Tung authored a book about his family system of acupuncture, which was mostly comprised of locations and indications for his family’s unique set of extra points. This original book eventually went out of print but many of his students and their students went on to write about the system. In the early 1970s, Taiwan began the process of formal licensing for doctors of Chinese medicine. Since Tung had no formal schooling having only studied with his father in an apprenticeship setting, he was denied a license and forced out of practice. Soon thereafter Tung was diagnosed with stomach cancer and passed away in 1975. Points in Tung’s Acupuncture The most prominent feature of Tung’s acupuncture is its extensive use of points not found in the dominant sys- tems of Chinese medicine. The distribution of Tung’s points includes the entire body although, unlike most acu- 11 Introduction puncture systems, they are arranged topographically by anatomical zonal concepts rather than by channel (see Table 1). The most commonly used points lie on the extremities and the head, and even though there are ample points on the ventral and dorsal trunk, they are mostly bled rather than needled. The fingers, palmar surface of the hand, toes, and plantar aspect of the foot have a much greater distribution of points than in conventional acupuncture. One of the most obvious features of Tung’s acupuncture is that each of the regions of the body, designated as “zones,” clearly functions as a microsystem. In other words, each zone of the body has points that affect the entire body. In addition to Tung’s extra points, Master Tung himself was aware of the conventional points in acu- puncture evidenced by a chapter on his unique use of conventional points included in his original 1973 book. This chapter is translated in its entirety and included in this present book. As in conventional acupuncture, each point in Tung’s system is given a unique name in Chinese. The names of the points can relate to the anatomical location of the point, the Zang Fu which the point influences, the five phases, the five tissues, or the specific indications of a point. The numbering convention created for non-Chinese speakers identifies the zone in which the point lies and the order in which the point was presented in Tung’s ori- ginal 1973 text. For example, Ling Gu (22.05) is found in Zone 2, and is the fifth point in that zone. Additionally, there were many points that Tung commonly used which were omitted from his original book, thus these points are not given a numerical designation and are only referred to by their Chinese name. In this book, 23 of these points are included and are listed in brackets within their corresponding zones as found in Table 1. Zone Location Number of Points 1 Fingers 27 2 Palm and dorsal hand 11 (8) 3 Forearm 16 4 Upper Arm 17 (10) 5 Plantar aspect of foot 6 6 Dorsal aspect of foot 15 7 Lower leg/Calf 28 8 Thigh 32 (4) 9 Ear 8 10 Head 25 (2) Note: there are also more than 160 additional points on the neck, and both the dorsal and ventral trunk. Table 1 - Point Distribution in Tung’s Acupuncture Chinese Medical Theory and Tung’s Acupuncture In Tung’s original book there is no discussion of Chinese medical theory, and in his own teaching, Tung rarely mentioned any theory to his students. There is some controversy in the community of Tung’s Acupuncture prac- titioners about how much Chinese medical theory should be used to understand, explain, and teach the system. The title of Tung’s original 1973 text gives the first insight into this question. The original book in Chinese was called “Dong Shi Zhen Jiu Zheng Jing Qi Xue Xue; A Study of Tung’s Lineage Acupuncture and Moxibustion – Primary Channel Extra Points.” The term chosen to describe Tung’s points is notably 正經奇穴 Zheng Jing Qi Xue – “Primary Channel Extra Points,” and is a clear reference to his points being located in relation to the channels of regular acupuncture. Certainly, many points in Tung’s system overlap conventional acupuncture points with identical indications (e.g., Huo Chuan 33.04 is located at Zhi Gou SJ-6; used in both Tung’s and conventional acupuncture to treat constipation). Likewise, some of Tung’s points are named in relation to either conventional channels or acupuncture points (e.g., Ce San Li 77.22 translates as “next to San Li,” a reference to its location lateral to Zu San Li ST-36). It is clear that Tung’s points relate to the channels and conventional acupuncture points, and can therefore be understood in reference to Chinese medical theory. This topic will be explored in much greater depth in the chapters that follow. According to one of Tung’s direct disciples, Dr. Wei-Chieh Young, every time questions were raised to Tung, he would say, “Observe for yourself, then think about it” (Wei-Chieh Young, 2008a, p. 269/270). This is certainly the reason why the original canon of point indications was broadened or changed over time and that in the course 12