! What interactive study guide n o 44..55 i enhances this text and helps you s r e do your best in psychology? v w PowerStudy 4.5™ e N Created with you in mind, PowerStudy 4.5™ is a dynamic study partner that further brings core concepts in psychology to life. Co-written by text author Rod Plotnik, PowerStudy actively involves you in your own learning, illuminating topics covered in this text’s modules—and helping you improve your performance in psychology. Each of PowerStudy’s 14 Super Modules is a 40–50-minute interactive multimedia presentation. Ideal for visual learners, these self-paced, step-by-step media explorations include engaging animations and narration that clarify concepts. For every other text module, the cross-platform DVD-ROM offers extensive study materials and activities, including interactive key terms, critical thinking questions, summary tests, and more. Super Modules 2: Psychology and Science 12: Remembering and 3: Brain’s Building Blocks Forgetting 4: Incredible Nervous System 17: Infancy and Childhood 6: Perception 18: Adolescence and Adulthood 8: Hypnosis and Drugs 21: Health, Stress and Coping 9: Classical Conditioning 22: Assessment and Anxiety 10: Operant and Cognitive Disorders Approaches 23: Mood Disorder and 11: Types of Memory Schizophrenia PowerStudy is fun, easy-to-use, and effective—fi nd out for yourself! Don’t miss out on the multimedia study partner that If a DVD isn’t packaged with this text, go to illuminates and reinforces what you learn in this text. CengageBrain.com and purchase PowerStudy before your fi rst test using ISBN 978-0-495-90866-1. For more information about how you can use PowerStudy to full advantage, see pages xxxv and xxxvi of this text. 9e Introduction to Psychology Rod Plotnik San Diego State University Haig Kouyoumdjian Mott Community College (cid:36)(cid:88)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:37)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:93)(cid:76)(cid:79)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:45)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:3)(cid:228)(cid:3)(cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:86) Introduction to Psychology, Ninth Edition © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth | Cengage Learning Rod Plotnik and Haig Kouyoumdjian ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 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To show you what we mean, we’ve included a sample of their wonderful comments, for which we are eternally grateful. (If you too would like to comment on the text, please fill out and send in the form on the last page of this text.) The psychology book was amazing. I was astonished at how gripping this I do not know how and where to textbook was. I actually looked forward begin, because I just loved it so to the reading. I really enjoyed the much. real-life situations that were incorpo- — N, rated into each module. I have decided S D A to keep this book and do more reading than what was required during class. I really liked how easy the book — A, was to comprehend. The exam- L T C ples help make the definitions easy to memorize. Your book made learning all the — N, material really easy & very interesting. O C C The way you explained everything made sense & kept me intrigued & wanting to learn more. No joke. The diagrams were easy to understand. Good pictures and —A, H F C C real-life examples people can relate to. Best psychology book I’ve read. The summary tests!! I couldn’t have passed psychology with- —S, R C C out those tests!! THANK YOU!! I’ll keep this book forever!! —S, G U Since I consider myself a visual learner, I benefited a lot from the pictures, drawings, and graphs included through- I truly enjoyed the “little stories.” They help me under- out the book. Also the “chunking” made the material fun stand what we were studying. Please continue on with the to learn. Cultural Diversity sections! —R, W C J C —P, P C How visual it is. The many pictures helped me to remem- This is one of the best textbooks I’ve read and enjoyed; ber the text better. The simple writing style, but still aca- you did a great job organizing and writing material in such demic, was helpful to make it interesting. I am really glad a friendly way. I plan on keeping this book as I enjoyed it that we read this book. It made my course! so much. —J, N C C —J, I T C C I enjoyed so much the photos, the text, the stories, the The newspaper articles at the end of each chapter were so whole layout of the book—I truly learned just from read- interesting, I wanted to read every single one. Thank you ing and remembered things because of the way they were for putting together such a visual book and making every- used in the book, like next to a picture or highlighted! thing seem so much more interesting. —R, W I T C C —T, W C C Contents MODULE 1 Discovering Psychology 2 MODULE 2 Psychology & Science 26 MODULE 3 Brain’s Building Blocks 46 MODULE 4 Incredible Nervous System 66 MODULE 5 Sensation 92 MODULE 6 Perception 120 MODULE 7 Sleep & Dreams 146 MODULE 8 Hypnosis & Drugs 168 MODULE 9 Classical Conditioning 194 MODULE 10 Operant & Cognitive Approaches 212 MODULE 11 Types of Memory 238 MODULE 12 Remembering & Forgetting 260 MODULE 13 Intelligence 280 MODULE 14 Thought & Language 304 MODULE 15 Motivation 328 MODULE 16 Emotion 358 MODULE 17 Infancy & Childhood 376 MODULE 18 Adolescence & Adulthood 406 MODULE 19 Freudian & Humanistic Theories 432 MODULE 20 Social Cognitive & Trait Theories 456 MODULE 21 Health, Stress & Coping 480 MODULE 22 Assessment & Anxiety Disorders 508 MODULE 23 Mood Disorders & Schizophrenia 530 MODULE 24 Therapies 554 MODULE 25 Social Psychology 580 APPENDIX Statistics in Psychology 610 1 2 MODULE MODULE Discovering Psychology 2 Psychology & Science 26 A. Definition & Goals A. Answering Questions 28 Definition of Psychology 4 Survey 28 Goals of Psychology 4 Case Study 28 Experiment 28 B. Modern Approaches 5 Answering Questions 5 B. Surveys 29 Biological Approach 6 Kind of Information 29 Cognitive Approach 7 Disadvantages 29 Behavioral Approach 8 Advantages 29 Psychoanalytic Approach 9 C. Case Study 30 Humanistic Approach 10 Kind of Information 30 Cross-Cultural Approach 11 Personal Case Study: Testimonial 30 Evolutionary Approach 11 Error and Bias 30 Eclectic Approach 11 D. Cultural Diversity: Use of Placebos 31 C. Historical Approaches 12 Examples of Mind over Body 31 Structuralism 12 Conclusion: Testimonials and Placebos 31 Functionalism 12 Gestalt Approach 13 E. Correlation 32 Behaviorism 13 Definition 32 Survival of Approaches 13 Correlation Coefficients 32 Correlation Versus Causation 33 D. Cultural Diversity: Correlation as Clues 33 Early Discrimination 14 Correlation and Predictions 33 Women in Psychology 14 Minorities in Psychology 14 F. Decisions about Doing Research 34 Righting the Wrongs 14 Choosing Research Techniques 34 Choosing Research Settings 35 Concept Review 15 G. Scientific Method: Experiment 36 E. Research Focus: Taking Class Notes 16 Advantages of the Scientific Method 36 Best Strategy for Taking Class Notes? 16 Conducting an Experiment: Seven Rules 36 F. Careers in Psychology 17 Conclusion 37 Psychologist Versus Psychiatrist 17 Concept Review 38 Many Career Settings 17 H. Research Focus: ADHD Controversies 39 G. Research Areas 18 Controversy: Diagnosis 39 Areas of Specialization 18 Controversy: Treatment 39 Making Decisions 19 Controversy: Long-Term Effects 39 H. Application: Study Skills 20 I. Application: Research Concerns 40 Improving Study Habits 20 Concerns about Being a Subject 40 Setting Goals 20 Code of Ethics 40 Rewarding Yourself 21 Role of Deception 40 Taking Notes 21 Ethics of Animal Research 41 Stopping Procrastination 21 Summary Test 42 Summary Test 22 Critical Thinking 44 Critical Thinking 24 Links to Learning 45 Links to Learning 25 CONTENTS v 3 4 MODULE MODULE Brain’s Building Blocks 46 Incredible Nervous System 66 A. Overview: Human Brain 48 A. Genes & Evolution 68 Development of the Brain 48 Genetic Instructions 68 Structure of the Brain 48 Errors in Genetic Instructions 69 Growth of New Neurons 49 Genetic Testing 69 Brain Versus Mind 49 Evolution of the Human Brain 69 B. Neurons: Structure & Function 50 B. Studying the Living Brain 70 Parts of the Neuron 50 Brain Scans 70 Alzheimer’s Disease and Neurons 50 Brain Scans: MRI & fMRI 70 C. Neurons Versus Nerves 51 Brain Scans and Cognitive Neuroscience 71 Faces Versus Bodies 71 Reattaching Limbs 51 Transplanting a Face 51 C. Organization of the Brain 72 Peripheral Nervous System 51 Divisions of the Nervous System 72 Central Nervous System 51 Major Parts of the Brain 73 D. Sending Information 52 D. Control Centers: Four Lobes 74 Sequence: Action Potential 52 Overall View of the Cortex 74 Sequence: Nerve Impulse 52 Frontal Lobe: Functions 75 E. Transmitters 54 Parietal Lobe: Functions 77 Excitatory and Inhibitory 54 Temporal Lobe: Functions 78 Neurotransmitters 54 Occipital Lobe: Functions 79 Alcohol 55 E. Limbic System: Old Brain 80 New Transmitters 55 Structures and Functions 80 F. Reflex Responses 56 Autonomic Nervous System 81 Definition and Sequence 56 F. Endocrine System 82 Functions of a Reflex 56 Definition 82 Concept Review 57 Control Center 82 Other Glands 82 G. Research Focus: What Is a Phantom Limb? 58 Case Study 58 Concept Review 83 Definition and Data 58 G. Research Focus: Sex Differences in the Brain? 84 Answers and Treatment 58 Scientific Debate 84 H. Cultural Diversity: Plants & Drugs 59 H. Cultural Diversity: Brain Size & Racial Myths 85 Cocaine 59 Skull Size and Intelligence 85 Curare 59 Brain Size and Intelligence 85 Mescaline 59 I. Application: Experimental Treatments 60 I. Application: Split Brain 86 Parkinson’s Disease 60 Definition and Testing 86 Issues Involving Transplants 60 Behaviors Following Split Brain 87 Experimental Treatments 61 Different Functions of Hemispheres 87 Left- or Right-Brained? 87 Summary Test 62 Summary Test 88 Critical Thinking 64 Critical Thinking 90 Links to Learning 65 Links to Learning 91 vi CONTENTS 5 6 MODULE MODULE Sensation 92 Perception 120 A. Eye: Vision 94 A. Perceptual Thresholds 122 Stimulus: Light Waves 94 Becoming Aware of a Stimulus 122 Structure and Function 94 Weber’s Law 123 Retina 96 Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Soft Towels 123 Visual Pathways 97 B. Sensation Versus Perception 124 Color Vision 98 Basic Differences 124 B. Ear: Audition 100 Changing Sensations into Stimulus: Sound Waves 100 Perceptions 125 Outer, Middle, and Inner Ear 102 C. Rules of Organization 126 Auditory Brain Areas 103 Structuralists Versus Gestalt Auditory Cues 104 Psychologists 126 C. Vestibular System: Balance 105 Evidence for Rules 126 Position and Balance 105 Organizational Rules 127 Motion Sickness 105 D. Perceptual Constancy 128 Meniere’s Disease and Vertigo 105 Size, Shape, Brightness & Color D. Chemical Senses 106 Constancy 128 Taste 106 E. Depth Perception 129 Smell, or Olfaction 107 Binocular (Two Eyes) Depth Cues 129 Monocular Depth Cues 130 E. Touch 108 Definition 108 F. Illusions 132 Receptors in the Skin 108 Strange Perceptions 132 Brain Areas 108 Learning from Illusions 133 Concept Review 109 Concept Review 134 F. Cultural Diversity: Disgust 110 G. Research Focus: Influencing Perception 135 Psychological Factors 110 Can “Unsensed Messages” Change Behavior? 135 Cultural Factors 110 H. Cultural Diversity: Influence on Perceptions 136 G. Research Focus: Mind over Body? 111 What Do Cultural Influences Do? 136 Definitions 111 I. ESP: Extrasensory Perception 138 Research Methods 111 Definition and Controversy 138 Power of Pricing 111 Trickery and Magic 138 Conclusion: Mind over Body! 111 ESP Experiment 139 H. Pain 112 Status of ESP and TV Psychics 139 Definition 112 J. Application: Creating Perceptions 140 Gate Control Theory 112 Creating Movement 140 Endorphins 113 Creating Movies 140 Dread 113 Creating Virtual Reality 141 Acupuncture 113 Creating First Impressions 141 I. Application: Artificial Senses 114 Summary Test 142 Artificial Visual System 114 Kinds of Deafness 115 Critical Thinking 144 Cochlear Implants 115 Links to Learning 145 Summary Test 116 Critical Thinking 118 Links to Learning 119 CONTENTS vii