(cid:2) PowerSystemProtection (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) IEEEPress 445HoesLane Piscataway,NJ08854 IEEEPressEditorialBoard EkramHossain,EditorinChief JónAtliBenediktsson XiaoouLi JeffreyReed AnjanBose LianYong DiomidisSpinellis DavidAlanGrier AndreasMolisch SarahSpurgeon ElyaB.Joffe SaeidNahavandi AhmetMuratTekalp TechnicalReviewers VijayVittal,ArizonaStateUniversity RalphBarone,Consultant (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) (cid:2) Power System Protection Second Edition Paul M. Anderson† Charles Henville HenvilleConsultingInc. (cid:2) (cid:2) Rasheek Rifaat RifaatEngineeringInc. Brian Johnson UniversityofIdaho Sakis Meliopoulos GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology †Deceased. (cid:2) (cid:2) Copyright©2022byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappliedfor: ISBN:9781119513148 CoverdesignbyWiley Coverimage:©INTERMOUNTAINACSWITCHYARDBYA.P“SAKIS”MELIOPOULOS Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbyStraive,Chennai,India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 (cid:2) (cid:2) v Contents AuthorBiographies xxv PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxvii ListofSymbols xxix PartI ProtectiveDevicesandControls 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 PowerSystemProtection 3 1.2 PreventionandControlofSystemFailure 3 (cid:2) 1.2.1 ReactionaryDevices 4 (cid:2) 1.2.2 SafeguardDevices 5 1.2.3 ProtectiveDeviceOperation 6 1.3 ProtectiveSystemDesignConsiderations 8 1.4 DefinitionsUsedinSystemProtection 9 1.5 SystemDisturbances 11 1.6 BookContents 12 Problems 14 References 15 2 ProtectionMeasurementsandControls 17 2.1 GraphicSymbolsandDeviceIdentification 17 2.2 TypicalRelayConnections 19 2.3 CircuitBreakerControlCircuits 22 2.4 InstrumentTransformers 23 2.4.1 InstrumentTransformerSelection 24 2.4.2 InstrumentTransformerTypesandConnections 30 2.5 RelayControlConfigurations 37 2.6 OpticalCommunications 38 Problems 42 References 44 3 ProtectiveDeviceCharacteristics 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 FuseCharacteristics 48 (cid:2) (cid:2) vi Contents 3.2.1 DistributionFuseCutouts 48 3.2.2 FuseTypes 50 3.2.3 FuseTime–CurrentCharacteristics 53 3.2.4 FuseCoordinationCharts 56 3.3 RelayCharacteristics 61 3.3.1 RelayTypes 62 3.3.2 ElectromechanicalRelayCharacteristics 66 3.3.3 StaticAnalogRelays 74 3.3.4 DifferentialRelays 74 3.3.5 DigitalRelays 76 3.3.6 DigitalOvercurrentRelays 84 3.4 PowerCircuitBreakers 87 3.4.1 CircuitBreakerDefinitions 87 3.4.2 CircuitBreakerRatings 88 3.4.3 CircuitBreakerDesign 91 3.5 AutomaticCircuitReclosers 93 3.5.1 RecloserRatings 94 3.5.2 RecloserTime–CurrentCharacteristics 95 3.6 AutomaticLineSectionalizers 98 3.7 CircuitSwitchers 100 3.8 DigitalFaultRecorders 101 Problems 103 (cid:2) References 103 (cid:2) 4 RelayLogic 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 ElectromechanicalRelayLogic 110 4.2.1 TheOvercurrentRelay 110 4.2.2 TheDistanceRelay 110 4.3 ElectronicLogicCircuits 111 4.3.1 AnalogLogicCircuits 111 4.3.2 DigitalLogicCircuits 116 4.4 AnalogRelayLogic 125 4.4.1 AnInstantaneousOvercurrentRelay 125 4.4.2 PhaseComparisonDistanceRelay 126 4.4.3 ADirectionalComparisonPilotRelay 127 4.4.4 ConclusionsRegardingSolid-StateAnalogLogic 128 4.5 DigitalRelayLogic 128 4.5.1 DigitalSignalProcessing 129 4.5.2 TheDataWindowMethod 133 4.5.3 ThePhasorMethod 134 4.5.4 DigitalRelayingApplications 136 4.5.5 ExampleofaDigitalRelaySystem 138 4.6 HybridRelayLogic 139 4.7 RelaysasComparators 140 4.7.1 RelayDesign 140 4.7.2 PhaseandAmplitudeComparison 141 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents vii 4.7.3 TheAlphaandBetaPlanes 142 4.7.4 TheGeneralComparatorEquations 142 4.7.5 TheAmplitudeComparator 146 4.7.6 ThePhaseComparator 147 4.7.7 DistanceRelaysasComparators 149 4.7.8 GeneralBetaPlaneCharacteristics 151 Problems 153 References 157 5 SystemCharacteristics 163 5.1 PowerSystemFaults 163 5.1.1 SystemFaultCharacteristics 164 5.1.2 FaultCurrentsNearSynchronousMachines 167 5.1.3 SaturationofCurrentTransformers 175 5.2 StationArrangements 176 5.2.1 SingleBus,SingleBreakerArrangement 176 5.2.2 MainandTransferArrangement 177 5.2.3 DoubleBus,SingleBreakerArrangement 178 5.2.4 DoubleBus,DoubleBreakerArrangement 179 5.2.5 RingBusArrangement 179 5.2.6 Breaker-and-a-HalfArrangement 180 5.2.7 OtherSwitchingArrangements 180 (cid:2) 5.3 OverheadLineImpedances 182 (cid:2) 5.4 ComputationofAvailableFaultCurrent 184 5.4.1 Three-Phase(3PH)Faults 186 5.4.2 DoubleLine-to-Ground(2LG)Faults 186 5.4.3 Line-to-Line(LL)Fault 186 5.4.4 One-Line-to-Ground(1LG)Fault 187 5.4.5 SummaryofFaultCurrents 188 5.5 SystemEquivalentforProtectionStudies 188 5.5.1 TheOpen-CircuitImpedanceMatrix 189 5.5.2 ComputationoftheTwo-PortRepresentation 190 5.5.3 ASimpleTwo-PortEquivalent 192 5.5.4 TestsoftheEquivalentCircuit 193 5.5.5 SystemEquivalentfromTwo-PortParameters 193 5.5.6 EquivalentofaLinewithShuntFaults 194 5.5.7 ApplicationsoftheEquivalenttoSeriesFaults 195 5.5.8 ConclusionsRegardingTwo-PortEquivalents 198 5.5.9 MultiportEquivalents 199 5.6 TheCompensationTheorem 202 5.6.1 NetworkSolutionBeforeChangingY 203 3 5.6.2 NetworkSolutionAfterChangingY 203 3 5.6.3 TheIncrementalChangeinCurrentandVoltage 204 5.6.4 TheCompensationTheoreminFaultStudies 205 5.7 CompensationApplicationsinFaultStudies 205 5.7.1 PrefaultConditions 205 5.7.2 TheFaultedNetworkCondition 206 (cid:2) (cid:2) viii Contents 5.7.3 TheFaultConditionsWithoutLoadCurrents 208 5.7.4 SummaryofLoadandFaultConditions 208 Problems 210 References 214 PartII ProtectionConcepts 215 6 FaultProtectionofRadialLines 217 6.1 RadialDistributionSystems 217 6.2 RadialDistributionCoordination 219 6.2.1 SupplySystemInformation 219 6.2.2 DistributionSubstationInformation 220 6.2.3 DistributionSystemInformation 220 6.2.4 ProtectiveEquipmentInformation 221 6.2.5 Step-by-StepStudyProcedure 221 6.3 RadialLineFaultCurrentCalculations 222 6.3.1 GeneralConsiderationsforRadialFaults 222 6.3.2 MainLineFeederFaults 223 6.3.3 BranchLineFaults 230 6.4 RadialSystemProtectiveStrategy 233 6.4.1 ClearingTemporaryFaults 234 (cid:2) 6.4.2 IsolatingPermanentFaults 235 (cid:2) 6.5 CoordinationofProtectiveDevices 236 6.5.1 Recloser–FuseCoordination 236 6.5.2 Recloser–RelayCoordination 239 6.6 RelayCoordinationonRadialLines 241 6.6.1 CoordinationProcedure 242 6.6.2 ProcedureforPhaseandGroundRelays 245 6.6.3 ProcedureforInstantaneousRelaySettings 252 6.7 CoordinatingProtectiveDevicesMeasuringDifferentParameters 258 6.7.1 CombinedTime–CurrentCharacteristics 259 6.7.2 CoordinatingTime–CurrentCharacteristicsAcrossTransformers 265 6.7.3 CoordinatingTwoOvercurrentRelaysNotMeasuringtheSameCurrents 268 Problems 269 6.7.4 Time–CurrentCharacteristicsforProblemSolving 275 References 276 7 IntroductiontoTransmissionProtection 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 ProtectionwithOvercurrentRelays 278 7.2.1 LoopswithOneCurrentSource 280 7.2.2 LoopswithMultipleCurrentSources 282 7.3 DistanceProtectionofLines 285 7.3.1 DistanceRelayCharacteristics 285 7.3.2 ZonedDistanceRelays 291 7.3.3 EffectofFaultResistance 293 (cid:2) (cid:2) Contents ix 7.3.4 SummaryofDistanceRelayConcepts 299 7.4 UnitProtection 299 7.5 GroundFaultProtection 301 7.5.1 ImportanceofGroundFaultProtection 301 7.5.2 UniqueCharacteristicsofGroundFaults 302 7.5.3 PolarizationofGroundRelays 303 7.5.4 TypesofGroundRelays 309 7.6 Summary 310 Problems 311 References 315 8 ComplexLociintheZ andY Planes 317 8.1 TheInverseZTransformation 317 8.2 LineandCircleMapping 320 8.2.1 TheHalfZPlane:a=c=0 321 8.2.2 TheHalfZPlane:R≤ −k 323 2 8.2.3 TheHalfPlane:a=b=0 323 8.2.4 TheHalfPlane:a=0 324 8.2.5 TheHalfPlane:d=0 325 8.3 TheComplexEquationofaLine 327 8.4 TheComplexEquationofaCircle 328 8.5 InversionofanArbitraryAdmittance 330 (cid:2) 8.5.1 InversionofY with|YK|Constantand𝜓 Variable 331 (cid:2) 8.5.2 InversionofY with𝜓 Constantand|Y |Variable 332 K 8.5.3 SummaryofY InversionEquations 332 8.6 InversionofaStraightLineThrough(1,0) 333 8.7 InversionofanArbitraryStraightLine 335 8.8 InversionofaCirclewithCenterat(1,0) 336 8.9 InversionofanArbitraryCircle 338 8.10 SummaryofLineandCircleInversions 340 8.11 AnglePreservationinConformalMapping 341 8.12 OrthogonalTrajectories 342 8.13 ImpedanceattheRelay 346 Problems 348 References 350 9 ImpedanceattheRelay 351 9.1 TheRelayApparentImpedance,Z 351 R 9.2 ProtectionEquivalentMParameters 353 9.2.1 NetworkTestwithE Shorted 354 U 9.2.2 NetworkTestwithE Shorted 355 S 9.3 TheCircleLociZ=P/(1±Y ) 356 K 9.4 Z LociConstruction 357 R 9.4.1 kCircles 359 9.4.2 𝜓 Circles 360 9.5 RelayApparentImpedance 363 9.5.1 TheUnfaultedSystem 365 (cid:2)