POWER ELECTRONICS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS POWER ELECTRONICS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, TRANSPORTATION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Editedby Haitham Abu-Rub TexasA&MUniversityatQatar,Doha,Qatar MariuszMalinowski WarsawUniversityofTechnology,Warsaw,Poland KamalAl-Haddad ÉcoledeTechnologieSupérieure,Montreal,Canada Aco-publicationofIEEEPressandJohnWiley&SonsLtd Thiseditionirstpublished2014 ©2014JohnWiley&SonsLtd Registeredofice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialofices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentiiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. 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ISBN978-1-118-63403-5(cloth) 1.Powerelectronics.2.Industries–Powersupply.I.Abu-Rub,Haithem,editorofcompilation.II.Malinowski, Mariusz(Electricalengineer),editorofcompilation.III.Al-Haddad,Kamal,editorofcompilation. TK7881.15.P67252014 621.31′7–dc23 2014001834 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN:9781118634035 Typesetin9/11ptTimesLTStdbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2014 This book is dedicated to our families and parents. Contents Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgements xxv ListofContributors xxvii 1 Energy,GlobalWarmingandImpactofPowerElectronics inthePresentCentury 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy 2 1.3 EnvironmentalPollution:GlobalWarmingProblem 3 1.3.1 GlobalWarmingEffects 6 1.3.2 MitigationofGlobalWarmingProblems 8 1.4 ImpactofPowerElectronicsonEnergySystems 8 1.4.1 EnergyConservation 8 1.4.2 RenewableEnergySystems 9 1.4.3 BulkEnergyStorage 16 1.5 SmartGrid 20 1.6 Electric/HybridElectricVehicles 21 1.6.1 ComparisonofBatteryEVwithFuelCellEV 22 1.7 ConclusionandFuturePrognosis 23 References 25 2 ChallengesoftheCurrentEnergyScenario: ThePowerElectronicsContribution 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 EnergyTransmissionandDistributionSystems 28 2.2.1 FACTS 28 2.2.2 HVDC 32 2.3 RenewableEnergySystems 34 2.3.1 WindEnergy 35 2.3.2 PhotovoltaicEnergy 37 2.3.3 OceanEnergy 40 2.4 TransportationSystems 41 viii Contents 2.5 EnergyStorageSystems 42 2.5.1 Technologies 42 2.5.2 ApplicationtoTransmissionandDistributionSystems 46 2.5.3 ApplicationtoRenewableEnergySystems 46 2.5.4 ApplicationtoTransportationSystems 47 2.6 Conclusions 47 References 47 3 AnOverviewonDistributedGenerationandSmartGrid ConceptsandTechnologies 50 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 RequirementsofDistributedGenerationSystemsandSmartGrids 51 3.3 PhotovoltaicGenerators 52 3.4 WindandMini-hydroGenerators 55 3.5 EnergyStorageSystems 56 3.6 ElectricVehicles 57 3.7 Microgrids 57 3.8 SmartGridIssues 59 3.9 ActiveManagementofDistributionNetworks 60 3.10 CommunicationSystemsinSmartGrids 61 3.11 AdvancedMeteringInfrastructureandReal-TimePricing 62 3.12 StandardsforSmartGrids 63 References 65 4 RecentAdvancesinPowerSemiconductorTechnology 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 SiliconPowerTransistors 70 4.2.1 PowerMOSFETs 71 4.2.2 IGBTs 72 4.2.3 High-PowerDevices 75 4.3 OverviewofSiCTransistorDesigns 75 4.3.1 SiCJFET 76 4.3.2 BipolarTransistorinSiC 77 4.3.3 SiCMOSFET 78 4.3.4 SiCIGBT 79 4.3.5 SiCPowerModules 79 4.4 GateandBaseDriversforSiCDevices 80 4.4.1 GateDriversforNormally-onJFETs 80 4.4.2 BaseDriversforSiCBJTs 84 4.4.3 GateDriversforNormally-offJFETs 87 4.4.4 GateDriversforSiCMOSFETs 88 4.5 ParallelConnectionofTransistors 89 4.6 OverviewofApplications 97 4.6.1 Photovoltaics 98 4.6.2 ACDrives 99 4.6.3 HybridandPlug-inElectricVehicles 99 4.6.4 High-PowerApplications 99 4.7 GalliumNitrideTransistors 100 4.8 Summary 102 References 102