Green Energy and Technology Sudipta Chakraborty Marcelo G. Simões William E. Kramer Editors Power Electronics for Renewable and Distributed Energy Systems A Sourcebook of Topologies, Control and Integration Green Energy and Technology For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Sudipta Chakraborty Marcelo G. Simões • William E. Kramer Editors Power Electronics for Renewable and Distributed Energy Systems A Sourcebook of Topologies, Control and Integration 123 Editors SudiptaChakraborty MarceloG.Simões William E.Kramer Electrical Engineeringand Computer National RenewableEnergy Laboratory Science Golden,CO ColoradoSchool ofMines USA Golden,CO USA ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4471-5103-6 ISBN 978-1-4471-5104-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-5104-3 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013938758 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagLondon2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Energy is one of the major challenges for the human being; maybe ranked as numberthreeofallcriticalfactorsinordertosurvive.Firstpriorityiswater;many areasaregloballylackingonthisandhumanscannotlivewithoutitformanydays. The second is food and the third in my opinion is energy. In a modern society, energy isnecessary for almost all functions in life in order to create a sustainable society.Forthemoment,weareconsumingfossilfuelveryfasttogenerateenergy for living. Even with the continuous increase on consumption, the fossil fuel resources are available for our life-time; but for future generations such energy resource will be a limiting factor for our society and global instability can appear very fast—maybe much faster than we can foresee today. Asengineers,wehavetocomeupfastwithsolutionstosolvethatchallengein order to make the global energy system sustainable. It is a significant challenge, which needs to be solved by new technological innovations combined with a careful awareness about the energy we are using and what we are using it for. I think more and more people are aware of their water consumption and such awarenessshouldalsobedevelopedfortheenergyconsumption.Inordertocreate energy sustainability, four important issues need to be addressed: first is to make the power production sustainable by renewable energy generation; second is to increasetheelectrificationofthetransportationsector;thirdistomaketheenergy consumption much more efficient; and fourth is to develop the necessary infrastructure to take care of the large-scale energy transport for large distances. Thisbookdiscussesmanyoftherequiredenergytechnologiesthatwouldcreate a sustainable world. For renewable and distributed energy in general, power electronics is an important enabling technology which allow us to convert elec- trical power from one form to another very efficiently and very fast. The tech- nology is under steady development with continuously decreasing costs and increasing reliability. It is used in electrical power production, electric transmis- sion, distribution,andefficient consumption.Inthe pastdecade,the technologyis also dramatically more utilized in the automotive sector toward electrification of vehicles. Thisbookisanexcellentcontributiontothepowerelectronicstechnologyasit explains different ways to generate sustainable electricity, also how to obtain efficient electrical power consumption and how to do system engineering and v vi Foreword control of the future grid configures into a microgrid structure. It also covers the emerging areas such as smart grid and electric vehicles. Goodluckwiththereadingofthiscomprehensivebookandhopethisbookwill lead to the innovations to create a sustainable world. Frede Blaabjerg IEEE Fellow Aalborg University Denmark Preface Although the cost of electricity has significantly decreased since the 1930s, it is stillnotreadilyavailabletothedisadvantagedincountriesandregionsofpoverty. Oneofthesinglemostwaystoreducepovertyistofindwaystoreducethecostof energy. Renewable resources can play a significant role to reduce these costs. Electricity across our world is primarily produced from fossil fueled resources. Thereissignificantdebateabouttheenergysourcesontoday’sfossil-fueledpower plants and the affects they may be having on climate. A primary product of combustionoffossilgenerationiscarbondioxide,CO .Manyoftoday’scomputer 2 simulations suggest that as the atmospheric concentration of CO increase, the 2 earth’s average temperature will continue to increase. The earth is made up of countlessecosystems.Laboratoryandfieldstudiesshowthatmostecosystemswill collapse when subjected to fast temperature changes. InordertoreducetheproductionofCO globally,wemustfocusongettingthe 2 amount of CO produced per unit of energy as close to zero as possible. As 2 researchers, scientists, and engineers, we must focus on using our energy more efficiently and finding alternative energy sources that are competitive with fossil fuel energy sources. In the near term, we must find ways to mitigate CO pro- 2 duction from our existing fossil fuel plants using technologies such as carbon capture and carbon storage. Wind, solar photovoltaic (PV), and solar thermal are becoming cost competitive but can be intermittent in nature and must be coupled throughtheuseofpowerelectronicstoexistingenergysystems.Asthepenetration ofrenewableresourcesincrease,wemusteffectivelyuserenewableenergywhenit is produced through advanced load control strategies. Low cost, energy storage technologies will continue to develop and can be used to abate renewable energy variability. Power electronics and their respective control systems is the enabling technology that will define our future energy. This book is an excellent reference that provides insights into the world of powerelectronicsforrenewableresources.Irecommendthatthisbookbeusedas a resource text together with instructor-developed exercises and laboratories at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The book provides background vii viii Preface materialforstudentsandseasonedengineers togain broader understandingofthe application of power electronics and control systems for renewable energy applications. William E. Kramer Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Marcelo G. Simões and Sudipta Chakraborty 2 Fundamentals of Power Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Edison R. C. da Silva and Malik E. Elbuluk 3 Photovoltaic Power Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Felix A. Farret 4 Wind Power Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Mohit Singh, Eduard Muljadi, Vahan Gevorgian and Surya Santoso 5 Small Hydroelectric Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Felix A. Farret, Marcelo G. Simões and Ademar Michels 6 Fuel Cell System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Fei Gao, Mohammad Kabalo, Marek S. Rylko, Benjamin Blunier and Abdellatif Miraoui 7 Variable-Speed Power Generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Wlodzimierz Koczara and Grzegorz Iwanski 8 Microturbines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 Stephen Gillette and Mark Gilbreth 9 Battery Energy Storage System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Stan Atcitty, Jason Neely, David Ingersoll, Abbas Akhil and Karen Waldrip 10 Fast Response Energy Storage Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Juan M. Carrasco, Eduardo Galván, Sergio Vázquez, Luis García-Tabarés and Marcos Lafoz ix x Contents 11 Modular Power Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Sudipta Chakraborty 12 Resource Aggregation Using Microgrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Giri Venkataramanan and Sandeep Bala 13 Power Electronics for Smart Distribution Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Danilo I. Brandão, Renata Carnieletto, Phuong H. Nguyen, Paulo F. Ribeiro, Marcelo G. Simões and Siddharth Suryanarayanan 14 Advanced Electric Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Giampaolo Carli, Arash Shafiei and Sheldon S. Williamson 15 Multi-Agent Technology for Power System Control. . . . . . . . . . . 567 Robin Roche, Fabrice Lauri, Benjamin Blunier, Abdellatif Miraoui and Abderrafìâa Koukam