Power Electronics, Drives, and Advanced Applications Power Electronics, Drives, and Advanced Applications Vinod Kumar EE Department, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, India Ranjan Kumar Behera Electrical Engineering Department, IIT Patna, India Dheeraj Joshi EE Department, Delhi Technological University, India Ramesh Bansal Electrical Engineering Department, University of  Sharjah, UAE MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a  particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-06239-9 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not Contents warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a  particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. Preface.....................................................................................................................xxi Acknowledgment ...................................................................................................xxv Authors .................................................................................................................xxvii Section i Power Semiconductor Devices Chapter 1 Overview of Power Electronics ............................................................3 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................3 1.2 Power Electronics Systems ..........................................................3 1.3 Power Semiconductor Devices ....................................................4 1.4 Power Electronic Converters .......................................................7 1.5 Power Electronic Modules ..........................................................9 CRC Press 1.6 Applications of Power Electronics ............................................10 Taylor & Francis Group 1.7 Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Circuits ..................11 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 1.7.1 Importance of Simulation ..............................................12 1.7.2 Benefits of Computer-Aided Simulation .......................12 © 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business 1.7.3 Demerits of Computer-Aided Simulation......................12 1.7.4 Simulation Tools ............................................................13 No claim to original U.S. Government works Review Questions ...............................................................................14 Printed on acid-free paper Summary ............................................................................................15 References/Further Reading ...............................................................15 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-06239-9 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts Chapter 2 Power Semiconductor Devices ...........................................................17 have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................17 have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize 2.2 Power Diode ..............................................................................17 to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. 2.2.1 Working and V-I Characteristics ...................................19 2.2.2 Diode Reverse Recovery Characteristics ......................19 Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, trans- mitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereaf- 2.3 DIAC .........................................................................................21 ter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or 2.4 TRIAC .......................................................................................22 retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. 2.5 Characteristics of Power Transistors .........................................23 For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. 2.5.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor ...........................................23 com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood 2.5.1.1 Steady-State Characteristics ...........................24 Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and 2.5.1.2 Switching Characteristics of a BJT ................25 registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. 2.5.2 Power MOSFETs ...........................................................27 2.5.3 Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor .................................30 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are 2.6 Characteristics of the Thyristor .................................................32 used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. 2.6.1 Static V-I Characteristics of a Thyristor .......................33 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com 2.6.1.1 Reverse Blocking Mode (RBM) .....................34 2.6.1.2 Forward Blocking Mode ................................34 and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com 2.6.1.3 Forward Conducting Mode ............................34 v vi Contents 2.6.2 Switching Characteristics of a Thyristor .......................35 2.6.3 Thyristor Gate Characteristics ......................................38 2.7 Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristor ................................................40 2.7.1 Static V-I Characteristics...............................................40 2.7.2 Switching Characteristics of GTO ................................41 2.8 Two-Transistor Model of a Thyristor ........................................42 Review Questions ...............................................................................44 Summary ............................................................................................45 References/Further Reading ...............................................................45 Chapter 3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier ...............................................................47 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................47 3.2 SCR Construction ......................................................................47 3.2.1 Planer Diffused .............................................................47 3.2.2 Alloy Diffused ...............................................................48 3.3 Specifications and Ratings ........................................................49 3.3.1 Voltage Ratings .............................................................49 3.3.2 Current Ratings .............................................................50 3.4 Methods of Turn On ..................................................................51 3.4.1 Gate Triggering .............................................................51 3.4.2 Forward Voltage Triggering ..........................................53 3.4.3 dv/dt Triggering .............................................................53 3.4.4 Temperature Triggering .................................................53 3.4.5 Light Triggering ............................................................53 3.5 Firing (Triggering) Circuits for SCR ........................................54 3.5.1 Resistance (R) Triggering Circuit .................................55 3.5.2 Resistance-Capacitance (RC) Triggering Circuit..........58 3.5.3 UJT Relaxation Oscillator .............................................61 3.6 Series and Parallel Operation of SCR .......................................62 3.6.1 Series-Connected SCRs ................................................63 3.6.2 Parallel-Connected SCRs ..............................................65 3.7 String Efficiency ........................................................................66 3.8 Protection of SCR......................................................................67 3.8.1 Overvoltage Protection ..................................................67 3.8.2 Overcurrent Protection ..................................................68 3.8.3 dv/dt Protection .............................................................69 3.8.4 di/dt Protection ..............................................................72 3.8.5 Gate Protection ..............................................................72 3.9 Solved Problems ........................................................................72 Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ........................................98 Summary ............................................................................................98 Main Formulas of the Chapter ............................................................98 References/Further Reading .............................................................100 Contents vii Section ii Power electronic converters Chapter 4 Phase-Controlled Rectifiers..............................................................105 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................105 4.2 Classifications ..........................................................................105 4.3 Performance Indices for Line-Commutated Converter ..........107 4.4 Single-Phase Converters ..........................................................110 4.4.1 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with R Load .........................................................................110 4.4.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load .............................................................113 4.4.3 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load and Freewheeling Diode (FD) .............116 4.4.4 Single-Phase Full-Wave-Controlled Converter ...........118 4.4.4.1 Single-Phase Full-Wave Mid-Point Rectifier with R Load ...................................119 4.4.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge-Type- Controlled Rectifier with R Load ................121 4.4.4.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Bridge-Type-Controlled Rectifier with RL Load .......................................................122 4.4.5 Single-Phase Half-Wave-Controlled Rectifier with RLE Load ....................................................................125 4.4.6 Single-Phase Full Converter with RLE Load and Discontinuous Conduction ..........................................128 4.5 Three-Phase Converters ..........................................................129 4.5.1 Three-Phase Half-Wave Converters with RL Load ....129 4.5.2 Three-Phase Full Converter ........................................133 4.6 Dual Converters ......................................................................135 4.6.1 Ideal Dual Converter ...................................................136 4.6.2 Practical Dual Converter .............................................137 4.6.2.1 Dual Converter without Circulating Current .........................................................138 4.6.2.2 Dual Converter with Circulating Current ....139 4.6.3 Single-Phase Dual Converter ......................................139 4.6.4 Three-Phase Dual Converters .....................................142 4.7 Effect of Source Impedance ....................................................144 4.7.1 Single-Phase Fully Controlled Rectifier with Source and Load Inductance ................144 4.8 Solved Problems ......................................................................147 Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................172 Summary ..........................................................................................174 Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................174 References/Further Reading .............................................................177 viii Contents Chapter 5 Semiconverters .................................................................................179 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................179 5.2 Single-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load ............................179 5.3 Three-Phase Semiconverter with RL Load .............................186 5.4 Power Factor Improvement .....................................................188 5.4.1 Extinction Angle Control (EAC) .................................188 5.4.2 Symmetrical Angle Control (SAC) .............................190 5.4.3 Pulse Width Modulation Control ................................192 5.4.4 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control ..............194 5.5 Inversion Operation ................................................................195 5.6 Solved Problems ......................................................................195 Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................212 Summary ..........................................................................................213 Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................214 References/Further Reading .............................................................216 Chapter 6 Chopper ............................................................................................217 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................217 6.2 Chopper Classifications ...........................................................217 6.3 Principle of Chopper Operation ..............................................218 6.4 Control Strategies ....................................................................220 6.4.1 Time Ratio Control ......................................................220 6.4.2 Current Limit Control .................................................222 6.5 Step Up/Down Chopper ..........................................................222 6.6 Chopper Configurations ..........................................................223 6.6.1 First-Quadrant or Type-A Chopper .............................224 6.6.2 Second-Quadrant or Type-B Chopper ........................224 6.6.3 Two-Quadrant Type-A Chopper or Type-C Chopper ....................................................................225 6.6.4 Two-Quadrant Type-B Chopper or Type-D Chopper ....................................................................225 6.6.5 Four-Quadrant Chopper or Type-E Chopper ..............226 6.7 Analysis of Type-A (Step-Down) Chopper .............................227 6.7.1 With Resistive Load ....................................................227 6.7.2 With RLE Load ...........................................................228 6.7.2.1 Steady-State Ripple ......................................231 6.7.2.2 Limits of Continuous Conduction ................231 6.7.2.3 Computation of Extinction Time (t) ............232 x 6.7.2.4 AC Ripple Voltage (V) .................................233 r 6.7.2.5 Ripple Factor (RF) .......................................233 6.8 Commutation of Chopper ........................................................233 6.8.1 Voltage-Commutated Chopper (Classical Chopper or Parallel Capacitor Turn-Off Chopper) ....................234 Contents ix 6.8.2 Current-Commutated Chopper ................................240 6.8.3 Load-Commutated Chopper ....................................244 6.9 Switched-Mode Regulators ...................................................247 6.10 Solved Problems ....................................................................261 Review Questions and Unsolved Problems ......................................288 Summary ..........................................................................................291 Main Formulas of the Chapter ..........................................................291 References/Further Reading .............................................................294 Chapter 7 DC-to-AC Converter: Inverter .........................................................297 7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................297 7.2 Classifications ........................................................................297 7.3 Performance Parameters of Inverters ....................................298 7.4 Voltage Source Inverters .......................................................299 7.4.1 Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverters ....................299 7.4.1.1 With RL and RLC Overdamped Loads ....303 7.4.1.2 With RLC Underdamped Load ................303 7.4.1.3 Fourier Analysis of Single-Phase Inverter Output Voltage ............................303 7.4.2 Three-Phase VSI Bridge Inverter ............................304 7.4.2.1 Three-Phase 180-degree Mode VSI .........305 7.4.2.2 Three-Phase 120-degree Mode VSI .........310 7.4.2.3 Merits and Demerits of 180°- and 120°-Mode VSIs .......................................314 7.5 Current Source Inverters .......................................................315 7.5.1 Single-Phase CSI .....................................................315 7.5.2 Three-Phase CSI ......................................................316 7.6 CSI versus VSI .......................................................................317 7.7 Voltage Control of Single-Phase Inverters ............................318 7.7.1 Control of Input DC Voltage ...................................318 7.7.2 External Control of AC Output Voltage ..................318 7.7.3 Internal Control of Inverters ....................................319 7.8 Pulse-Width Modulation........................................................320 7.8.1 Single Pulse-Width Modulation ..............................320 7.8.2 Multiple Pulse-Width Modulation ...........................321 7.8.3 Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation ........................322 7.9 Advanced Modulation Techniques ........................................323 7.9.1 Trapezoidal Modulation ..........................................324 7.9.2 Staircase Modulation ...............................................325 7.9.3 Stepped Modulation.................................................326 7.9.4 Harmonic-Injected Modulation ...............................326 7.9.5 Delta Modulation .....................................................327 7.10 Space Vector Modulation ......................................................328 7.10.1 Implementation of Space Vector PWM ...................328