rnrn~rn~ Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series Editors: 1. G. Kassakian· D. H. Naunin Guy Seguier· Francis Labrique Power Electronic Converters DC-AC Conversion With 259 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg NewY ork London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Professor Dr. Guy Seguier Universite des Sciences et Techniques de Lille 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cede x France Professor Dr. Francis Labrique Universite Catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-Ia-Neuve Belgique Translated from the French by the authors with the help of N. Quayle This is the fourth volume in a series. The first two were published in English by McGraw-Hili the first-on ACmC conversion, in 1986, the second-on Ac/DC conversion, in 1987, the third-on DC/DC conversion-was published by Springer-Verlag in 1993. These three volumes are often referred to in the present work. Title of the original French edition: Les convertisseurs de l'electronique de puissance Volume 4: La conversion continu - alternatiJ © Technique et Documentation - Lavoisier 1989 ISBN 978-3-642-50324-5 ISBN 978-3-642-50322-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-50322-1 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1993 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Macmillan (India) Ltd., Bangalore, India 61/3020 - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper Series Editors: Professor l.G. Kassakian Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Professor D.H. Naunin Institut fUr Elektronik, Technische Universtiit Berlin, Einsteinufer 19, 10587 Berlin, Germany Introduction to the Electric Energy Systems and Engineering Series Concerns for the continued supply and efficient use of energy have recently become important forces shaping our lives. Because of the influence which energy issues have on the economy, international relations, national security, and individual well-being, it is necessary that there exists a reliable, available and accurate source of information on energy in the broadest sense. Since a major form of energy is electrical, this new book series titled Electric Energy Systems and Engineering has been launched to provide such an information base in this important area. The series coverage will include the following areas and their interaction and coordination: generation, transmission, distribution, conversion, storage, utiliz ation, economics. Although the series is to include introductory and background volumes, special emphasis will be placed on: new technologies, new adaptations of old technologies, materials and components, measurement techniques, control - in cluding the application of microprocessors in control systems, analysis and planning methodologies, simulation, relationship to, and interaction with, other disciplines. The aim of this series is to provide a comprehensive source of information for the developer, planner, or user of electrical energy. It will also serve as a visible and accessible forum for the publication of selected research results and mono graphs of timely interest. The series is expected to contain introductory level material of a tutorial nature, as well as advanced texts and references for graduate students, engineers and scientists. The editors hope that this series will fill a gap and find interested readers. John G. Kassakian· Dietrich H. Naunin Preface This is the final volume in a four-volume series concerning POWER ELEC TRONIC CONVERTERS. The first volume studies AC/DC conversion, the second studies AC/ AC conversion, and the third DC/DC conversion. This final volume deals with DC/AC conversion, i.e. with inverters. At the output of an inverter fed by a DC voltage supply, this voltage is alternatively found with one polarity and then with the other; in other words, an AC voltage made up of square pulses is obtained. Filtering must be carried out if, as is normally the case, a virtually sinusoidal voltage is required: this problem of filtering underlies the entire study of inverters. In some applications, the load itself provides the filtering. In others, a filter is installed between the inverter and the load; however, as it will be shown in Chap. 2, in cases where the filtered voltage is at industrial network frequency and comprises only a single square-wave pulse per half-cycle, the filter becomes bulky and costly, and the results obtained are poor. Filtering problems explain the considerable development of inverters during the last years: - Firstly there is increasing use of pulse width modulation: each half-cycle is cut up into several pulses of suitable widths; this greatly simplifies filtering. The use of a chopping frequency which is much greater than the frequency of the fundamental components of the inverter output voltage and current has only been made possible by progress in the field of semiconductor devices. Secondly, attempts are made to widen the field of application of resonant inverters, operating at frequencies much higher than those of the industrial network. Raising the frequency enables the size and cost of passive elements (transformers, inductors, capacitors) to be reduced in applications where these are required. On account of the development of inverters, the first chapter is relatively long. It begins with a rapid outline of the various inverter types and of their applications, before attempting to justify the choice of the following chapters and the differing emphases laid on various points in their contents. x Preface Chapter 2 concerns voltage-source inverters with only one square-wave pulse per half-cycle. Filtering problems are presented at this point. Chapter 3 deals with voltage-source inverters operating in pulse width modulation. Chapter 4 concerns the drive and snubber circuits of transistors and GTO thyristors in voltage-source inverters. Chapter 5 presents current-source inverters with a single square-wave pulse per half-cycle or operating in pulse width modulation. Chapter 6 deals with resonant inverters used either directly or as intermedi ate stages in energy conversion cascade. In order to avoid an unnecessary increase in the length of some chapters, the following have been included in the appendices at the end of the volume: • the detailed study of the input filter in voltage-source inverters, • the study of the "sinusoidal" inverters, • the study of the thyristor turn-off circuits in voltage-source inverters. Two further appendices have been added which do not deal with inverters but involve techniques used by the latter. One appendix concerns voltage-fed rectifiers operating in PWM and the other the AC current-fed chopper operat ing as a four-quadrant reversible rectifier. The titles of the various chapters and appendices clearly show that the problems which arise in the study of inverters are very similar to those of choppers. Frequent reference will thus be made to the preceding volume to avoid needless repetition. Such consideration have led us to have recourse to the same authors as in the volume on choppers. Robert Bausiere was responsible for Chap. 4, Francis Labrique for Chap. 5 as well as for Appendices C and E. This collection aims to provide a useful working tool for power electro technicians and Vol. 4 has tried to remain faithful to this aim. This has been more difficult than for the preceding volumes insofar as there was a great deal to say and we did not wish to go beyond the length of the preceding three. Our intention to provide a detailed presentation of the basic principle and initial applications has led us to be more succinct at the end of certain chapters. For similar reasons we have not been able to show all the diagrams which the user may require but have indicated how these could be drawn, with the aid of some examples 1. Lille, July 1993 G. Seguier I We are very grateful to Mrs. Reine Del Vitto for typing the manuscript and to Mr. Paul Leroy for drawing the figures of this book. Notes The publications indicated in the Bibliography date, as in the first three volumes of this series, from 1970 onwards. This bibliography thus remains within reasonable limits. Books are indicated at the end of Chapter 1. Articles have been limited to those published in the Proceedings and Trans actions of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (USA), the Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (GB) and the Revue Generale de l'Electricite (France). Furthermore we have given preference to articles containing bibli ographies themselves. References to the following have been grouped together: voltage-source inverters, at the end of Chap. 3, o current-source inverters, at the end of Chap. 5, o resonant inverters, at the end of Chap. 6. o A number of articles on PWM rectifiers and active filters have been noted after the appendices. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction and Presentation. 1.1 Types of Inverters: Principles 2 1.1.1 Voltage-Source Inverters . 3 1.1.2 Current-Source Inverters. . . 6 1.1.3 Resonant Load Inverters ... 8 1.2 Types of Semiconductor Devices. Supply and Load Imperfections. Filters 11 1.2.1 Types of Semiconductor Devices ... 11 1.2.2 DC-Supply Imperfection. Input Filter 16 1.2.3 AC-Load Imperfection. Output Filter 20 1.2.4 Remarks on Reversibility ...... . 23 1.3 Principal Applications. Consequences on the Study ...... . 28 1.3.1 Constant Frequency and Voltage Supplies ..... . 28 1.3.2 Speed Variation of AC-Current Motors ..... . 31 1.3.3 Load-Resonant Inverter Applications 35 Bibliography ..................... . 37 Chapter 2 Voltage-Source Inverters with One Square-Pulse per Half-Cycle 38 2.1 Single-Phase Inverter with Centre-Tapped Transformer. . . . . 39 2.1.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .......... . 39 2.1.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.2 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverter ........... . 47 2.2.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . 47 2.2.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 2.3 Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter. . ....... . 53 2.3.1 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... . 54 2.3.2 Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.3.3 Comparison of the Three Single-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters ............................ . 69