www.routledge.com POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE NEW RUSSIA Poverty and Social Exclusion in the New Russia Edited by NICK MANNING NATALIYA TIKHONOVA Translations by Karen George First published 2004 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © Nick Manning, Nataliya Tikhonova and the contributors 2004 Nick Manning and Nataliya Tikhonova have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Poverty and social exclusion in the new Russia 1. Poverty - Russia (Federation) 2. Marginality, Social - Russia (Federation) 3. Russia (Federation) - Social conditions-1991- I. Manning, Nick, 1951- II. Tikhonova, N.E. 362.5'0947 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Poverty and social exclusion in the new Russia / edited by Nick Manning, Nataliya Tikhonova ; translations by Karen George, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7546-3739-5 1. Poverty-Russia (Federation) 2. Social isolation-Russia (Federation) I. Manning, Nick P. II. Tikhonova, N.E. III. Title. HC340.12.Z9P6582004 305.5'69,0947~dc22 2004007713 ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-3739-4 (hbk) Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables viii List of Contributors x Preface xiii Acknowledgements xiv Part I Background 1 Russia in Context 1 Nick Manning and Nataliya Tikhonova Part II Poverty 2 Poverty, Incomes and Resources - Concepts and Measures 37 John Veit-Wilson 3 Poverty in Russia 63 Nadia Davidova Part III Social Exclusion 4 Social Exclusion: Concepts and Debates 95 Peter Abrahamson 5 Social Exclusion in Russia 109 Nataliya Tikhonova v vi Poverty and Social Exclusion in the New Russia Part IV Special Issues in the Study of Poverty and Social Exclusion 6 Special Issues in the Study of Poverty and Social Exclusion 149 Part I: Ethnic and cultural aspects of poverty 149 Andrei Zdravomyslov and Artur Tsutsiev Part II: Gender, poverty and social exclusion in contemporary Russia 174 Nadia Davidova and Nataliya Tikhonova Appendix 1 Project Methodology 197 Nadia Davidova Appendix 2 Histories of 19 Households (A Longitudinal Study, 1996-2001) 227 Nataliya Tikhonova Bibliography 261 Index 275 List of Figures 1.1 Infectious disease rates, 1989-2000 13 1.2 Sexually transmitted and HIV disease rates, 1989-1999 13 1.3 Immunisation rates, 1989-1999 14 1.4 Life expectancy of men and women, 1989-1999 14 1.5 Mortality rates for middle-aged men and women, 1989-1999 15 1.6 Divorce rates, 1989-1999 15 1.7 Children in alternative care, 1989-1999 16 3.1 Presence of strategically significant property (privatised flat, dacha, land, car, garage) in households at various levels of deprivation, in per cent 81 3.2 Types of help received by Russian households at various income levels (data from Pan-Russian Survey, October 2000, n - 1751, in per cent) 86 3.3 Help received by households at various levels of deprivation (data from Longitudinal Household Survey, 1999-2000, Moscow, Voronezh and Vladikavkaz, n = 105, in per cent) 87 vii List of Tables 1.1 Typologies of social policy and reform in Central and Eastern Europe, 1995-2000 4 3.1 Incomes of Russian families (Pan-Russian Representative Survey, October 2000, n = 1751, in per cent) 66 4.1 Making distinctions between poverty and social exclusion 107 5.1 Indicators of respondents' health, in per cent 122 6.1 Level of poverty of Ossetian and Russian families in the Vladikavkaz sample, on the basis of summarised index and of self-assessment (in per cent) 154 6.2 Assessment of various aspects of life by Ossetian and Russian respondents (in per cent of those selecting the extreme points on the scale) 154 6.3 Reasons for life not going well, as assessed by Ossetian and Russian respondents (in per cent of total number of those surveyed in that group) 156 6.4 Dynamics of material welfare in households under study, by nationality (based on summarised index, in per cent) 157 6.5 Distribution of responses to the question "What do you fear most of all in your own life?" (Respondents could select no more than three answers) 162 6.6 Ethnic representation of Ossetian and Russian students in four higher education institutions in North Ossetia 164 6.7 Russian and Ossetian respondents' self-assessment of membership of a national group as a factor in poverty (in percent) 165 6.8 Proportion of families in the four sub-samples with a woman as 'main breadwinner' (in per cent of families under study, with 1990 and 1995 based on respondents' retrospective assessments) 167 6.9 Self-assessment of the family's material circumstances in comparison with other people's 167 6.10 Comparison of self-assessments of status by Ossetian and Russian families: pre-reform period v. present day 168 6.11 Choice of alternative statements about perceptions of poverty (in per cent) 169 viii List of Tables ix 6.12 Actions directed at improving the family's material circumstances (in per cent) 171 6.13 Views of the ideal model for distributing management functions within the family, 22 households surveyed (number of persons) 185 A.l Number of family members in households studied (persons) 203 A.2 Demographic types of households studied (number of households/per cent) 204 A.3 Employment status of the heads of households studied (number of households/per cent) 206 A.4 Q. - In your opinion, what are the specific markers of poverty in Russia at present? (percentage of households surveyed) 207 A.5 Q. - In addition, in your opinion, what are the markers of poverty for a family with children? 209 A.6 Q. - Please mark each of the following items with the number that most closely describes your present situation: (Please mark the NUMBER that most closely corresponds to your present situation, against EVERY item listed below) 210 A.7 Change in living standards in the households studied in Moscow, Voronezh and Vladikavkaz between 1999 and 2000 216