Poverty among Immigrant Children in Europe AlsobyA.S.Bhalla BLENDINGOFNEWANDTRADITIONALTECHNOLOGIES(co-editor) ECONOMICTRANSITIONINHUNANANDSOUTHERNCHINA ENVIRONMENT,EMPLOYMENTANDDEVELOPMENT(editor)(alsoinPortuguese) FACINGTHETECHNOLOGICALCHALLENGE GLOBALIZATION,GROWTHANDMARGINALIZATION(editor)(alsoinFrench) INSEARCHOFROOTS MARKETORGOVERNMENTFAILURES?AnAsianPerspective NEWTECHNOLOGIESANDDEVELOPMENT(co-editor) POVERTYANDEXCLUSIONINAGLOBALWORLD(co-author)(alsoinJapanese) POVERTYANDINEQUALITYAMONGCHINESEMINORITIES(co-author) REGIONALBLOCS:BuildingBlocksorStumblingBlocks?(co-author) ROYALTOMBSOFINDIA SMALLANDMEDIUMENTERPRISES:TechnologyPoliciesandOptions(editor) TECHNOLOGICALTRANSFORMATIONOFRURALINDIA(co-editor) TECHNOLOGYANDEMPLOYMENTININDUSTRY(editor)(alsoinSpanish) THEEMPLOYMENTIMPACTOFCHINA’SWTOACCESSION(co-author) TOWARDSGLOBALACTIONFORAPPROPRIATETECHNOLOGY(editor) UNEVENDEVELOPMENTINTHETHIRDWORLD:AStudyofChinaandIndia AlsobyPeterMcCormick ECO-ETHICSANDCONTEMPORARYPHILOSOPHICALREFLECTION ECO-ETHICSANDANETHICSOFSUFFERING THENEGATIVESUBLIME:Ethics,Warfare,andtheDarkBordersofReason WHENFAMINERETURNS:Ethics,Identity,andtheDeepPathosofThings MODERNITY,AESTHETICS,ANDTHEBOUNDSOFART FICTIONS,PHILOSOPHIES,ANDTHEPROBLEMSOFPOETICS HEIDEGGERANDTHELANGUAGEOFTHEWORLD ROMANINGARDEN:ÜberdasWesen(editor) STARMAKING:Realism,Anti-Realism,andIrrealism(editor) THEAESTHETICSOFROMANINGARDEN(editor) CONTEMPORARYESSAYSONROMANINGARDEN(co-editor) ARTANDITSREASONS(editor) HUSSERL:ShorterWorks(co-editor) HUSSERL:ExpositionsandAppraisals(co-editor) GABRIELMARCEL:TragicWisdomandBeyond(translator) Poverty among Immigrant Children in Europe A.S. Bhalla and Peter McCormick ©A.S.BhallaandPeterMcCormick2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-22104-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copied,ortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsof thisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2009by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries ISBN 978-1-349-30652-7 ISBN 978-0-230-23397-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230233973 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents ListofTables vii ListofFigures ix ListofBoxes x Preface xi Acknowledgements xvi ListofAbbreviations xviii 1 ChildPovertyandWell-Being 1 Poverty,deprivationanddestitution 2 Thenotionsofwell-beingandill-being 7 Ajustice-as-fairnessapproachtopoverty 10 Acapabilityapproachtopoverty 12 Children’srightsandsocialjustice 18 2 ImmigrantChildPovertyinEurope 24 AdultimmigrantsandtheirchildreninEurope 25 Povertyincidenceamongimmigrantsandchildren 26 Accesstoeducationandthelabourmarket 42 TheEUapproachtochildpoverty 45 Concludingremarks 47 3 TheEuropeanImmigrationDebate 49 Theimmigrationdebate 49 Familyreunification 56 AcommonimmigrationpolicyforEurope? 58 Rightsofimmigrants,dutiesofStates 61 4 ImmigrantChildPovertyinSwitzerland 65 Themagnitudeofimmigrantpopulation 65 Residencestatusofforeigners 67 Povertyamongimmigrantchildren 70 Accessofimmigrantchildrentoeducationand employment 79 v vi Contents Accesstohealthservices 86 Otherindicators 89 Acomparativestudyofimmigrantchildrenfromformer Yugoslavia,TurkeyandPortugal 92 Concludingremarks 97 5 ImmigrantChildPovertyinFrance 100 Immigration:magnitudeandtrends 101 Thestatusofimmigrantsandtheirchildren 104 Povertyamongimmigrantchildren 107 Accesstoeducationandemployment 111 Accesstohealthcare 116 Theplightofminorchildren 117 Romanianstreetchildren 119 Romachildren 122 Concludingremarks 124 6 HousingPoorImmigrantChildreninFrance 125 Thegeneralhousingsituation 126 Thehousingproblemsofimmigrantsandtheirchildren 130 Housingaid 137 HousingofRomachildren 139 TheriotsinParissuburbs 141 Concludingremarks 143 7 SwitzerlandvsFrance:AComparativePerspective 145 Theimmigrationpolicies 148 Socialandpoliticalparticipation 165 Discriminationandracism 167 Well-beingofchildren 169 8 SomeConclusions 174 Economic,legalandpoliticalstatusofimmigrantchildren 175 Socialjusticeandimmigrantchildren 176 Notes 180 Bibliography 190 Name/AuthorIndex 213 SubjectIndex 217 List of Tables 1.1 Somedistinguishingfeaturesofthenotionsofpoverty, deprivationanddestitution 5 1.2 Livingconditionsofchildrenagedsixandtenin Germany 9 2.1 Numberofimmigrants(non-nationals)inEuropeover time(1990–2004) 25 2.2 ImmigrantchildrenandyouthinEurope(2004) 27 2.3 Povertyincidenceamongimmigrantsandnon- immigrantsinselectedEuropeancountries 30 2.4 Relativepovertyamongtwo-parentandsingle-parent familiesinselectedEuropeancountries 34 2.5 Impactoftaxesandtransfersonrelativechild poverty 35 2.6 ChildrenintheUKandNorthernIrelandlackingbasic necessities 37 3.1 MigrationlegislationintheFifthEuropeanParliament 59 4.1 ImmigrantpopulationinSwitzerlandbynationality andage(2004) 67 4.2 ResidencestatusofforeignersinSwitzerland, includingasylum-seekersandrefugees 68 4.3 IncidenceofchildpovertyinSwitzerlandby headcountratio(1999–2003) 73 4.4 EducationalattainmentofSwissandimmigrant children(2003–4) 82 4.5 Peri-natalmortalityratesinSwitzerland,Northern EuropeandtheUSA 88 4.6 TeenagepregnancyinSwitzerlandandselected Europeancountries 90 4.7 Socialcharacteristicsofimmigrantsfromex-Yugoslavia, TurkeyandPortugal(2000) 93 5.1 France:shareofimmigrantchildrenbyageand countryoforigin 103 5.2 France:childpovertybynationalityofhousehold head 109 5.3 France:sharesoftotalpopulationandofchildren affectedbymaterialdeprivation(2005) 112 vii viii ListofTables 5.4 France:familyenvironmentofpupilsentering sixthformin1995 113 6.1 PoorhousingforFrenchimmigrantsbynationalityand typeofhousing(2005) 130 6.2 CharacteristicsofhousinginFranceforimmigrant, non-immigrantandmixedhouseholds 131 6.3 France:shareofhouseholdsbenefitingfromhousing aidclassifiedbythelevelofincome 138 7.1 SwitzerlandvsFrance:somekeyeconomicandsocial indicators 147 7.2 Switzerland:popularinitiativesconcerningforeigners andasylum-seekers 149 7.3 FranceandSwitzerland:distributionofclaimsby immigrantsandethnicminoritiesbynationality/ ethnicity(1990–8) 166 7.4 Indicatorsofwell-beingofchildreninSwitzerland andFrance 170 7.5 RankingofSwitzerlandandFrancebydifferent dimensionsofchildwell-being 173 8.1 OverallsituationofimmigrantchildreninFrance andSwitzerland 175 List of Figures 4.1 Povertyratesforpersonsaged20–59bycountrygroups/ nationalities(2003) 71 4.2 Proportionsoftheworkingpooraged20–59bycountry groups/nationalities(2003) 72 4.3 Annualenrolmentofclandestinechildren(4–12)years inGenevapublicschoolsbynationality 84 4.4 Numberofyoungchildren(0–14years)from ex-Yugoslavia,TurkeyandPortugal 95 7.1 TrendsinchildpopulationbyagegroupinSwitzerland (1993–2003) 158 7.2 Trendsinthenumberofimmigrantchildren(15–19)in Switzerland,fromdifferentregions(1995–2006) 158 7.3 Trendsinthenumberofimmigrantchildren(birthto14) inSwitzerland,fromdifferentregions(1995–2006) 159 ix