The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry 30 Series Editors: Damià Barceló · Andrey G. Kostianoy Tamim Younos Caitlin A. Grady Editors Potable Water Emerging Global Problems and Solutions The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Founded by Otto Hutzinger Editors-in-Chief: Damia` Barcelo´ Andrey G. Kostianoy l Volume 30 Advisory Board: Jacob de Boer, Philippe Garrigues, Ji-Dong Gu, Kevin C. Jones, Thomas P. Knepper, Alice Newton, Donald L. Sparks The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Recently Published and Forthcoming Volumes PotableWater:EmergingGlobal TheLlobregat:TheStoryofaPolluted ProblemsandSolutions MediterraneanRiver VolumeEditors:T.Younos VolumeEditors:S.Sabater,A.Ginebreda, andC.A.Grady andD.Barcelo´ Vol.30,2014 Vol.21,2012 Risk–InformedManagementof EmergingOrganicContaminants EuropeanRiverBasins andHumanHealth VolumeEditors:J.Brils,W.Brack, VolumeEditor:D.Barcelo´ D.Mu¨ller,P.Ne´grel,andJ.E.Vermaat Vol.20,2012 Vol.29,2014 EmergingandPriorityPollutantsin TheTurkmenLakeAltynAsyrand Rivers:BringingScienceintoRiver WaterResourcesinTurkmenistan ManagementPlans VolumeEditors:I.S.Zonnand VolumeEditors:H.Guasch,A.Ginebreda, A.G.Kostianoy andA.Geiszinger Vol.28,2014 Vol.19,2012 Oil PollutionintheBalticSea GlobalRisk-BasedManagementof VolumeEditors:A.G.Kostianoyand ChemicalAdditivesI:Production, O.Yu.Lavrova UsageandEnvironmentalOccurrence Vol.27,2013 VolumeEditors:B.Bilitewski,R.M.Darbra, andD.Barcelo´ UrbanAirQualityinEurope Vol.18,2012 VolumeEditors:M.Viana Vol.26,2013 PolyfluorinatedChemicalsand TransformationProducts ClimateChangeandWaterResources VolumeEditors:T.P.Knepper VolumeEditors:T.YounosandC.A.Grady andF.T.Lange Vol.25,2013 Vol.17,2012 EmergingOrganicContaminantsin BrominatedFlameRetardants Sludges:Analysis,FateandBiological VolumeEditors:E.EljarratandD.Barcelo´ Treatment Vol.16,2011 VolumeEditors:T.Vicent,G.Caminal, E.Eljarrat,andD.Barcelo´ Effect-DirectedAnalysisofComplex Vol.24,2013 EnvironmentalContamination VolumeEditor:W.Brack GlobalRisk-BasedManagementof Vol.15,2011 ChemicalAdditivesII:Risk-Based AssessmentandManagementStrategies WasteWaterTreatmentandReuse VolumeEditors:B.Bilitewski,R.M.Darbra, intheMediterraneanRegion andD.Barcelo´ VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic Vol.23,2013 Vol.14,2011 ChemicalStructureofPelagicRedox TheEbroRiverBasin Interfaces:ObservationandModeling VolumeEditors:D.Barcelo´andM.Petrovic VolumeEditor:E.V.Yakushev Vol.13,2011 Vol.22,2013 Potable Water Emerging Global Problems and Solutions (cid:1) Volume Editors: Tamim Younos Caitlin A. Grady With contributions by (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) M.M. Abou Rayan E.R. Blatchley III B. Djebedjian (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) O.Farooqi H.E.Gall J.L.Garland C.A.Grady M.Joshi (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) C.J. Kroehler S. Lawson J. Lee G.R. Mohan O. Mina (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) D. Murray T.-H. Pai T.F. Speth S.-C. Weng (cid:1) T. Younos Q. Zhang Editors TamimYounos CaitlinA.Grady TheCabellBrandCenterforGlobalPoverty PurdueUniversity andResourcesSustainabilityStudies Lafayette Blacksburg Indiana Virginia USA USA TheHandbookofEnvironmentalChemistry ISSN1867-979X ISSN1616-864X(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-06562-5 ISBN978-3-319-06563-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-06563-2 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014948231 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. 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ThiSisaFMBlankPage Editors-in-Chief Prof.Dr.Damia` Barcelo´ Prof.Dr.AndreyG.Kostianoy DepartmentofEnvironmentalChemistry P.P.ShirshovInstituteofOceanology IDAEA-CSIC RussianAcademyofSciences C/JordiGirona18–26 36,NakhimovskyPr. 08034Barcelona,Spain 117997Moscow,Russia and [email protected] CatalanInstituteforWaterResearch(ICRA) H20Building ScientificandTechnologicalParkofthe UniversityofGirona EmiliGrahit,101 17003Girona,Spain [email protected] Advisory Board Prof.Dr.JacobdeBoer IVM,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Prof.Dr.PhilippeGarrigues UniversityofBordeaux,France Prof.Dr.Ji-DongGu TheUniversityofHongKong,China Prof.Dr.KevinC.Jones UniversityofLancaster,UnitedKingdom Prof.Dr.ThomasP.Knepper UniversityofAppliedScience,Fresenius,Idstein,Germany Prof.Dr.AliceNewton UniversityofAlgarve,Faro,Portugal Prof.Dr.DonaldL.Sparks PlantandSoilSciences,UniversityofDelaware,USA vii ThiSisaFMBlankPage The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry is included in Springer’s eBook packageEarthandEnvironmentalScience. Ifalibrarydoes notoptfor thewhole package,thebookseriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis. ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofTheHandbook ofEnvironmentalChemistry,weofferfreeaccesstotheelectronicvolumesofthe SeriespublishedinthecurrentyearviaSpringerLink.Ifyoudonothaveaccess,you canstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolumeandtheabstractofeacharticleon SpringerLink(www.springerlink.com/content/110354/). Youwillfindinformationaboutthe –EditorialBoard –AimsandScope –InstructionsforAuthors –SampleContribution atspringer.com(www.springer.com/series/698). Allfiguressubmittedincolorarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversionon SpringerLink. Aims and Scope Since 1980, The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry has provided sound and solid knowledge about environmental topics from a chemical perspective. Presenting a wide spectrum of viewpoints and approaches, the series now covers topics such as local and global changes of natural environment and climate; anthropogenicimpactontheenvironment;water,airandsoilpollution;remediation and waste characterization; environmental contaminants; biogeochemistry; geo- ecology;chemicalreactionsandprocesses;chemicalandbiologicaltransformations as well as physical transport of chemicals in the environment; or environmental modeling. A particular focus of the series lies on methodological advances in environmentalanalyticalchemistry. ix