Poster Presenter: Heather Akin, University of Wisconsin‐Madison Poster Title: Understanding Global Perceptions of Climate Change: A Cross‐Cultural Comparison Poster Abstract Text Understanding how public perceptions of climate change differ across cultures and regions is critical for understanding how to promote environmentally beneficial behaviors and enact effective climate policies. Most research to date has focused on the climate change beliefs and behaviors of citizens within particular nations, and while such research has provided useful information for national and regional climate policy makers, it has been difficult to assess what causes cross‐national differences in attitudes towards climate change. Further, research has shown that publics do not form perceptions of problems like climate change in a uniform way, which may be one contributing factor to the gridlock that characterizes much of the international climate policy discourse. Individuals have been found to form perceptions of environmental risks like climate change using internal, individualized, and subjective strategies, using individual values and ideological heuristics that are acquired through cultural experiences and the priorities of the society in which individuals live. The location and economic context of some countries may make them more or less vulnerable to problems caused by a warming climate, yet little research has explored how individual and contextual characteristics, working in tandem, may cause differences in environmental beliefs and behaviors. To achieve more representative dialogue and environmentally just and effective outcomes, the international community must better understand how beliefs and values differ across cultures and understand local responses to the issue of climate change. One means to understand these disparities is to compare, across cultures, the individual, contextual, and cultural factors that contribute to individuals’ perceptions and concern about climate change. To begin to assess what factors might contribute to different views about climate change, this paper uses multilevel modeling and analyzes cross‐national data collected in 32 nations to examine what individual and contextual characteristics contribute to different views about climate change. Using individual‐level data from the 2010 International Social Survey Project (ISSP) Module on the Environment, collected from a total of 45,199 respondents, this research analyzes how individuals’ demographic characteristics, values, perceived environmental norms, and environmental beliefs account for differences in level of concern about climate change. In addition, this study incorporates country‐level data, specifically related to each nation’s climate policies (obtained from the U.S. Energy Information Administration), environmental performance index, national wealth (obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators), and media characteristics, to see how these national‐level variables account for differences in individuals’ climate change concern. Results indicate that characteristics of nations, particularly national wealth and environmental performance factors, and individuals’ values significantly influence citizens’ concern about climate change. Implications of these findings for forming effective international and regional climate change policies are discussed. Poster Presenter: Ingo Bensch, Energy Center of Wisconsin Poster Title: Behavioral Opportunities Among the Households that Use the Most Energy Poster Abstract Text Existing programs and past analyses have shown us that energy savings opportunities are greatest among households with high energy consumption. However, we don’t know much about what distinguishes these households. What causes them to be “high users”? What specifically are the behavioral and technical opportunities to save energy in their homes? How can they be best engaged by targeted efforts that promote energy efficiency? In a study of 100 single‐family homes with high energy usage, the Energy Center of Wisconsin—in partnership with the State of Minnesota and four partner utilities—is seeking answers to these questions. Through the summer, we will conduct in‐home audits and interviews of Minnesotan households whose electricity or natural gas consumption places them in the top 20% of usage. Our goal is to characterize and understand high‐using households so energy efficiency programs can more effectively address and serve their particular circumstances. To this aim, we will identify what end‐uses and household practices make these homes high users, what savings opportunities exist, and what might motivate efforts by the household to take steps to reduce their usage. We anticipate that we will find high users to be not a single monolithic group, but a few distinct customer segments with different circumstances, needs, and interests. Our analysis will seek to understand and identify these subgroups. Field work for this project will be completed in September, so the results will be “hot off the presses” by the time of the BECC conference. At BECC, we propose to focus on the behavioral components of what we have learned. We will highlight behaviorally oriented savings opportunities we found, address the degree of interest or resistance we encountered from the households about those opportunities, and share the insights we obtained about high users’ interests and motivations to take action that reduces their energy usage. Poster Presenter: Audrey Bona, IMS Poster Title: Study of occupant behaviors at home and development of a decision tool to improve their interaction with the buildings Poster Abstract Text This paper presents the results of an experiment conducted that aim at bringing natural and easiest, the interaction between the occupants of a green building and the building itself. The true challenge is to create buildings that can be understood and used in an optimal way without adding new constraints and reducing comfort of the user (Leaman et al., 2007). We’ve based our work on the concept of affordance (Gibson, 1979) as a way of adapting the building to their occupant’s behaviour. The difficulties encountered by the professionals of the construction are emphasized and the different solutions that are implemented to reduce the gap between the expected and the effective performance are discussed. The results of the proposed experiment shows that simple behavioral patterns should be taken into account to adapt the different systems of the house. This experiment allowed us to highlight strategies and automatic behaviour that are inconsistent with the systems added to green buildings. This data was used to validate a model of affordance which will be the heart of a decision tool for the architects, builders or supervisors. By using this tool, which will be presented at the end of the paper, professional will be able to assess the level of compatibility between the users and the building and have some possible solutions to increase it. Poster Presenter: Julie Colehour, C+C Poster Title: Changing Behavior with ENERGY STAR Poster Abstract Text The ENERGY STAR label is one of the most widely recognized and trusted labels in the marketplace today. Originally introduction in 1992, today more than 80% of U.S. households across the country recognize the label. A 2013 national study found that 64% of households in the United States associated the brand with “efficiency or energy savings” and 41% of all households reported purchasing an ENERGY STAR‐labeled product in the past year. Among its many activities, ENERGY STAR provides third‐party certification programs for products, along with certifications for new homes, commercial buildings, and industrial plants. Across the country, ENERGY STAR has become the leading source for credible information about energy efficiency. ENERGY STAR has had tremendous success in achieving brand awareness and educating the public about energy efficiency, but it has only recently dedicated itself to promoting energy efficient behaviors. In 2012, ENERGY STAR partnered with Duke Energy and Efficiency Vermont to conduct pilot programs aimed at encouraging residents to purchase and install ENERGY STAR certified LED lighting in their homes. The campaigns used Community‐ Based Social Marketing as a framework for developing, implementing, and evaluating the pilot programs. The intent was to develop turn‐key strategies that could be used by ENERGY STAR partners across the country. The Duke Energy campaign focused on retail communications, and the Efficiency Vermont campaign focused on school‐based communications and an LED fundraising campaign. This poster summarizes the ENERGY STAR program and highlights the ways in which behavior intersects with education and marketing. The poster illustrates the savings that can be achieved through technology, and the critical moderating role of behavior. Energy efficiency is more than just purchasing an efficient technology or appliance. Even the most efficient technology can be used inefficiently, and there is a growing body of evidence suggesting the individuals typically don’t achieve the estimated savings for efficient products. The poster then summarizes the key findings from the two CBSM pilots, and offers an ENERGY STAR “tool‐kit” for organizations interested in implementing similar campaigns. Tool‐kit materials are summarized, including graphics, messages, and campaign strategies. Poster Presenter: Ryan Daley, National Renewable Energy Lab Poster Title: Refueling Behavior of Flex Fuel Vehicle Drivers in the Federal Fleet Poster Abstract Text Federal fleets are a frequent subject of legislative and executive efforts to lead a national transition to alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. Section 701 of EPAct 2005 requires that all dual‐fueled Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) in the federal fleet be operated on alternative fuel 100% of the time when they have access to it. However, most drivers do not choose alternative fuel even when it is available. In Fiscal Year (FY) 2012, drivers of federal flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) leased through the General Services Administration (GSA) refueled with E85 24% of the time when available—falling well short of the mandate. Given that federal fleet vehicle drivers do not use their own money to pay for fuel, this behavior is difficult to explain on economic grounds—as is commonplace in the scant research on refueling behavior. Identifying the motivation behind this behavior is critical to understanding how to encourage and increase alternative fuel use in the federal fleet and beyond. The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) completed a 2‐year Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project to identify the factors that influence refueling behavior of federal FFV drivers. The project began with two primary hypotheses. First, information scarcity increases the tendency to miss opportunities to purchase E85 and many drivers (a) do not know that they are driving an FFV or how/where to find E85, (b) perceive the availability of E85 to be less convenient than it actually is, and (c) perceive that they fuel with E85 more often than they actually do. Second, even with perfect information, there are limits to how far drivers will go out of their way to purchase E85. A range of factors, including (but not limited to) habit, convenience, job performance, and attitudes toward E85 and the mandate to use it, determine these limits. This paper discusses the results of the LDRD project, which included a June 2012 survey of federal fleet drivers and an empirical analysis of actual refueling behavior from FY 2009 to 2012. Access to empirical data for AFV refueling behavior is rare, and this project is unique because NREL maintains a database that tracks all fuel purchases for federal agencies that voluntarily participate in the Fleet Sustainability Dashboard (FleetDASH) project funded by DOE’s Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). Refueling transactions by federal FFVs are cross‐referenced with the DOE Alternative Fueling Station Locator to determine whether a driver had access to E85. When these drivers purchase gasoline the transactions are flagged as “missed opportunities”. This refueling data provides a common empirical dataset across all federal agencies, which allows for a robust comparative analysis and nationwide living laboratory to study the deployment of alternative fuels and advanced vehicle technologies. This research will aid in the design and implementation of intervention programs aimed at increasing alternative fuel use and reducing petroleum consumption. Poster Presenter: Michael Denevan, Community Energy Services Corporation Poster Title: Eenrgy Efficiency and Solar: Reaching the Interested but Uniformed Poster Abstract Text For gung‐ho, early adopter homeowners, they do not need someone to convince them to “go solar” or to provide encouragement to implement energy efficiency measures. Similarly, the cautious but informed homeowner will determine their own path toward energy efficiency and renewable energy based off personally gathered knowledge and determine when the timing is right. However, there is a large group left, the “interested but uninformed.” For both energy efficiency and renewable energy a wealth of information is available through online websites, through utility‐funded programs providing education and incentives, and through contractors looking to sell projects. However for the many homeowners still on the sidelines, preferring to dip their toes before joining in, a strategy to engage them is needed. The available information, without direction can be at best overwhelming and at worst misleading and time consuming for the average homeowner. Utility and government funded incentive programs are effective at reducing installation costs but, without direction, the application process, eligibility, and availability can be daunting for a homeowner. Contractors and financing companies can provide homeowners with the necessary directions but not always with the homeowners’ interests at heart. The “interested but uninformed” homeowner needs an independent navigator to guide them step by step into the energy efficiency and solar waters. In 2009, Community Energy Services Corporation (CESC), a non‐profit organization, developed the SmartSolar Program in partnership with the City of Berkeley and DOE’s Solar American Cities Initiative. Currently, SmartSolar serves Alameda and Contra Costa Counties and is funded by the East Bay Energy Watch Program in partnership with Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E). SmartSolar’s goal is to offer homeowners the necessary navigation and support through free, personalized solar assessments which include efficiency recommendations, roof top analysis, a financial estimate with examples of financing options, and a list of approved licensed solar and home performance contractors. For each assessment, SmartSolar encourages homeowners to “reduce before you produce” by consulting on potential ways to become more energy efficient prior to installing a solar system. After delving into energy efficiency, the homeowners are provided with a solar system estimate based on personal energy history, observed roof assessment metrics (ie. space, tilt, orientation), and possible future changes in energy usage. The report finishes with and upfront cost estimate and typical solar financing options. As part of the assessment package, the customer is provided with a list of approved licensed contractors, and encouraged to solicit three bids. SmartSolar’s partners with local municipalities to encourage the adoption of solar as part of their Climate Action Plans. With more programs like SmartSolar around the United States, more homeowners can feel comfortable making the leap. The water is warm! This presentation will show the results of the SmartSolar Program over the past five years, and how independent advising, from beginning to end, has proven effective at helping guide homeowners towards both energy efficiency and renewable energy and how the program model can be replicated. Poster Presenter: Dana D'Souza, Skumatz Economic Research Associates Poster Title: Plastic / Single Use Bag Policy – Bans, Fees, Both, Neither– How do we modify behavior? Poster Abstract Text Communities, counties, and states are considering taxes, fees, or ban policies addressing single‐ use bags – either plastic and/or paper versions. We address 1) the design and policy options around the programs to try to modify behavior, and 2) the behavioral reactions to the programs. The rationales for policy (ban, fee, taxes) to address single use bags generally mention eliminating litter, protecting the local environment / wildlife, conserving resources and the global environment, and funding education (and litter clean‐up) programs. Tonnages are not large, and direct avoided disposal costs are tiny. However, arguments for addressing these products with some kind of policy relate to the disconnect between the “duty cycle” of the bag (largely used once, and for an hour or less) vs. the resulting lifetime in the environment, the cost of damage (to environment and wildlife) and clean‐up, and the ready availability of (reusable) substitutes. There are two main elements of policy design / choice around the single‐use bag issue: • ban or fee (advance disposal fee, sometimes viewed as a “tax”), • whether both single‐use paper and plastic are treated similarly, and • how to design to best drive behavior change. Our research into these programs has found that these issues have been treated differently in different jurisdictions (with a focus on North America). The presentation provides detailed information on: • Summary assessments of pros and cons of these policy alternatives (ban vs. fee vs. no action; paper and/or plastic) and the rationale for behavior change; • Where single‐use bag policies are in place; • Rationales used for the implementation of policy; • How they work; where the money goes; • Impacts and lessons. Most importantly, we examine the results in terms of behavior change in reaction to these programs (fees and bans), and the results of surveys and impact studies related to customer behavior and acceptance. Whether the policy is ultimately suitable in a particular community is for the decision‐makers / elected officials; the pros and cons and suitability issues are examined in this presentation. Poster Presenter: Rebecca Ford, Victoria University of Wellington Poster Title: Energy Transitions and the Energy Cultures Framework Poster Abstract Text The energy system in New Zealand, which is fundamental to our daily activities and income generation, is undergoing significant change in the near term. This transition and its impacts must be properly understood to ensure that New Zealanders continue to have access to reliable, safe and affordable energy, and this presentation discusses elements of a 6‐year multi institution research program designed to provide insight into both future changes and those already underway. With a government target of 90% renewable electricity supply by 2025, the increase in renewables in the system in the next 12 years, which is likely to come from wind, will result in increased temporal variability of power generation. Alongside this, the lowering prices of PV means that NZ is starting to see its rapid uptake by households, despite the lack of feed‐in tariffs. These changes will require a more active demand side participation in power management if the electricity grid is to remain safe and function efficiently and economically. New Zealand’s electricity grid and its regulation were developed in an age where uni‐directional flows were the norm, and the likely changes resulting from increased supply variability, micro‐ generation, new appliances (including EVs) and demand management bring a set of new challenges and opportunities. Demand response, for long the poor cousin of supply, is starting to pick up especially amongst industry, but it has significant potential amongst households due to the proliferation of home energy management systems on the market. New Zealand’s vehicle fleet is completely dependent on imported fossil fuels, but electric vehicles are a good choice given the high renewable proportion of NZ’s electricity supply. We are starting to see niche adoption of these new technologies, which suggests that we may see the emergence of a new ‘energy culture’ in NZ that is aligned to New Zealanders’ interest in energy independence. However, this transition from one set of energy‐related behaviours to another is a highly complex process, and we utilise an interdisciplinary approach to help provide greater insights to change. Our interdisciplinary approach is supported by the use of the Energy Cultures framework, which states that energy behaviour is the outcome of interactions between people’s expectations about energy services, the technologies they use, and the practices they undertake. These are in turn are influenced by factors beyond their control such as policy settings, energy prices and social marketing. Achieving behaviour change can be immensely difficult because of the tendency of these influences to support the status quo, and because of the heterogeneity in circumstances of energy users. The Energy Cultures framework has proved to be surprisingly fruitful, and this presentation focuses on its use as a tool to help understand the transitions currently underway in the New Zealand energy system. We use it to evaluate the uptake of new and disruptive energy technologies in the residential sector, including photovoltaic micro generation and electric vehicles, as well as the impact of these technologies on subsequent energy related behaviour. We also discuss it's use in identifying demand response opportunities from a household, technological, and system perspective. Poster Presenter: Karoline Gamma, University of St.Gallen, Switzerland Poster Title: Customer Acceptance of Energy Consumption Feedback Systems: The Role of Hypocrisy Under Different Construal Levels Poster Abstract Text Smart grid technologies offer consumers real‐time feedback of their energy consumption (Appelrath et al., 2012; Clastres, 2011; Daoud & Fernando 2011; Kranz et al., 2010; Faruqui et al., 2009). Several studies investigate the effectiveness of feedback in regard to consumers’ energy usage behavior (Stromback et al., 2011; Cometta et al., 2010; Faruqui et al., 2009; Abrahamse et al., 2005; Geller, 2002; Kantola et al., 1984). However, these studies do not address the issue of customer acceptance of energy consumption feedback systems. Only when consumers accept such systems through adopting and integrating them into their daily routines they might react to the feedback provided on it. Following the idea of “moral satisficing” (Gigerenzer, 2010) as an effective but accurate cognitive process, we investigate how the construal mindset moderates the effect of induced hypocrisy on customer acceptance of energy consumption feedback systems. Both – the theory of hypocrisy (a special form of cognitive dissonance) and the theory of construal level mindset – have successfully been applied in the context of conservation behavior (White et al., 2011; Rabinovich et al., 2009; Aitken et al., 1994; Dickerson et al., 1992; Kantola et al., 1984). However, their joint effect has not been investigated so far. Thus, this paper aims at answering the following research question: Does the construal mindset moderate the effect of hypocrisy on customer acceptance of energy consumption feedback systems? Several studies have demonstrated that hypocrisy leads to behavioral change in the field of conservation (Aitken et al., 1994; Dickerson et al., 1992; Kantola et al., 1984) or health behavior (Stone et al., 1994; Aronson et al., 1991). However, it is unclear how a person’s mindset, like the construal level (Trope & Liberman, 2000; 2003; Trope et al., 2007), influences the effect of hypocrisy on behavioral change. Following a joint view on both research streams we predict that the effect of hypocrisy on behavioral change (increase in adoption and usage of energy consumption feedback systems) is higher when people are in a high‐level construal mindset than when they are in low‐level construal mindset. The following hypothesis summarizes this previously made conceptual derivation. Hypothesis: The positive effect of induced hypocrisy on adoption and usage of energy consumption feedback systems will be higher under a high‐level construal mindset than under a low‐level construal mindset. To test the proposed model we draw on laboratory and field experiments. Exploratory experiments have already been conducted. Data collection for study 1 is ongoing with currently approx. 40 participants (Master students in their roles as energy consumers). Study 2 is scheduled being conducted ahead of the conference, so that the results of both studies will be presented at the conference. In particular we intend to identify conditions under which inducing hypocrisy can be leveraged to increase acceptance of energy feedback systems. The paper wraps up presenting implications for practice and theory. Poster Presenter: Thomas Glendening, ICF International Poster Title: Smart Thinking – Leveraging Technology to Foster Behavior Change Poster Abstract Text The HVAC industry is evolving at a rapid pace and thermostat technology has game changing potential. Smart Thermostats offer energy users an easy platform to control the comfort of their homes and the operation of their heating and cooling equipment from almost anywhere. Utility companies benefit from the ability to engage customers in demand response (DR) events, which reduces peak load and the need for additional power plants. ICF International, in conjunction with Consumers Energy, has launched a Smart Thermostat pilot program, exploring features of leading devices and benefits to the customer and utility. Energy consumption tracking for the homes of participating customers provides quantitative data on behavioral changes, providing an understanding of how mobile technology influences a consumer’s interaction with their thermostat and the impact of Smart Thermostat reporting on lifestyle changes. Program specific DR events and participation data provide insight into customers’ opinions of DR events prior to and following the occurrence, as well as a better understanding of how DR influences customer behavior and energy use. Standard energy efficiency programs and the greater marketplace can use the knowledge gained to better market DR initiatives, incentivize Smart Thermostats, meet energy savings goals, and incorporate Smart Meter programs.
Description: