POST-BAPTISMAL SIN AND ECCLESIASTICAL DISCIPLINE IN THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS Laura Welker PO Box 667 Shelby, MT 59474 [email protected] David Guretzki, PhD BT761 The Patristic Fathers An assignment presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Theological Studies: New Testament Briercrest Seminary July 1, 2010 If any theme could be said to link the majority of the extant writings of the Apostolic Fathers, it would be the call for Christians to live like Christians. To those of their readers who were not living according to the ethics of early Christianity, these writings are filled with pleas and prayers for a change of heart and action—the transformative response of genuine repentance. But despite this emphasis, and in contrast to later Patristic writings, these letters, homilies, and apocalypses1 contain surprisingly few references to established policies of church discipline for wayward believers. Exactly how did the post-apostolic church2 deal with post-conversion sin among its members? What were the remedial procedures, by whose authority were they enforced, and were any sins considered unforgivable? Any answers to these queries must contain an element of speculation, as not only are few sources available from the first half of the second century, but our knowledge of the authorship, dating, locale, and circumstances of these writings is limited, and the possibility of textual corruption is often present.3 Compounded with these problems is our inability to know whether the doctrines and opinions expressed in these writings were solidly within orthodox tradition (1 Clement and Polycarp are exceptions) or whether they were written from the fringes of early Christianity (possibly Epistle of Barnabas and Shepherd of Hermas), and how widely churches in various locales differed from each other in regard to dealing with sin in the church body, as there was yet little uniformity in practice. 1 There is some debate as to whether Shepherd of Hermas is truly an apocalypse. Carolyn Osiek, The Shepherd of Hermas: A Commentary, (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 1999), 11-12, argues that, though some elements of its form are not apocalyptic, its function is similar enough to categorize it as an apocalypse. 2 This paper will be limited to the period of the writing of the Apostolic Fathers: around AD 90-140. All biblical quotations are from the NIV, and all Apostolic Fathers quotations are from The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations, edited and revised by Michael W. Holmes (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992). I also avoid terms like “penance” and “excommunication” to prevent anachronistic connotations from later traditions influencing my description of disciplinary procedures from this era. 3 J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Prince Press, 1978), 198, calls our knowledge of penance in this era “bafflingly meager.” The developed episcopal structure in Ignatius makes his letters especially suspect of later textual corruption. But while the Apostolic Fathers for the most part avoid specifics, they evidence a surprising unanimity in their understanding of and approach to post-baptismal sin in the life of the believer. In light of what can be known from their writings (and in contrast to later traditions), it can be argued that the earliest post-apostolic church, which emphasized the unfinished nature of salvation and individual empowerment by the Holy Spirit, practiced therapeutic discipline in the full hope of restoring any erring member to a right relationship with God and the church. Salvation in the Apostolic Fathers The writings of the Apostolic Fathers are surprisingly deficient of the clear, organized theology of either the Pauline writings of the New Testament or later apologists.4 Not only do they make little mention of the atoning work of Christ (and what they do write “smacks more of affirmation than explanation”),5 but their writings often sound more akin to traditional Jewish ethics: Christ is portrayed more as the “lawgiver, the bestower of knowledge, immortality and fellowship with God.”6 But this is still primitive Christianity trying to work through its relation with mother Judaism, and the internal conflicts that forced clarification had not yet occurred. For the most part, their soteriology reflects that of the Gospel of Matthew and the General Epistles more than Pauline theology. They agree that no one is immune from the damning effects of sin (Polycarp, Phil. 6:1), and preservation from the coming judgment of God cannot be extended to 4 John McRay, “The Church Fathers in the Second Century,” Restoration Quarterly 11:4 (1968): 213: “Their general attitude toward the New Testament books was one of virtual comparable authority. That is to say, they do not quote New Testament writings as sources of authority but as concurring evidence for their arguments. They did not apparently feel the need of the written sources so much at this early date since they themselves had known the living voices.” 5 Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines,163. 6 Ibid., 165. Perhaps this is also because of their exclusive use of the Old Testament—their only canon—for authoritative reference [James Paget, “The Epistle of Barnabas,” Expository Times 117:11 (Aug, 2006): 445]. those outside the church (1 Clem. 12:6; Ignatius, Trall. 7:1-2),7 nor can there be any opportunity for repentance after death (2 Clem. 8:5-6, 16:1; Ign., Smyrn. 9:1). Jesus instituted a “new law” which has now nullified the saving effects of Judaism (Barn. 1; Ign., Magn. 8:1), including its animal sacrifices. Now, “through the blood of the Lord redemption will come to all who believe and hope in God” (1 Clem. 12:6).8 All are called to repent of their wicked lifestyles or false beliefs and turn in faith and allegiance to Jesus, as publically evidenced in the rite of baptism. Baptism Baptism was widely regarded as entry into the great race of faith, as well as the faith community.9 But it was not yet equated just with signing a membership card: something supernatural was affirmed as occurring in this holy sacrament, first of which was remission of all prior sins.10 Through baptism, God purifies the heart and provides rebirth in a way that animal sacrifices never could.11 Conversion, as publically indicated by baptism, “meant a basic change in 7 Including those who were once a part of it but have left or been excluded for unrepented sin [Bernhard Poschmann, Penance and the Anointing of the Sick, trans. and rev. by Francis Courtney (Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1964), 25; cf. 1 Clem 52:2]. 8 Cf. 7:4; 21:6; Did. 10:2; Barn. 5:4. 9 Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 193. James Dallen, The Reconciling Community (Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press, 1986), 24: “For the Christians of the postapostolic age, as for those of New Testament times, the Church was the community of salvation. To be welcomed into its gathering was to receive the blessing of salvation and that in turn evoked the praise and blessing of God.” This would soon be expressed overtly. Yet it must be noted that the pre-baptized catechumen was also considered a Christian, as the catechumenical period could be lengthy—he or she was “expected to live a good life, even to the point of martyrdom, which would count as his baptism if it should come about” [Stuart G. Hall, Doctrine and Practice in the Early Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991), 15]. But they could not take part in the life-giving sacrament of the Eucharist or community prayer [Henry Chadwick, The Early Church, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 32]. 10 Barn. 11:11: “While we descend into the water laden with sins and dirt, we rise up bearing fruit in our heart and with fear and hope in Jesus in our spirits.” 11 “So, since he renewed us by the forgiveness of sins, he made us men of another type, so that we should have the soul of children, as if he were creating us all over again” (Barn. 6:11; cf. 8:3; 9:1; Herm. Vis. 3.3.5: “your life was saved and will be saved through water”). attitude and direction, a renewal of life, root, and branch. No one would choose baptism lightly nor imagine that the rest of one’s life would be as it was before.”12 Not only is one’s slavery to sin broken, and one is reborn, but God himself comes as the Holy Spirit to dwell in the heart and empower it for a life of holy, self-sacrificial living.13 The Race of Faith But this work of grace was only a start—all Apostolic Fathers would have been appalled at the idea that one could “rest on one’s laurels” and consider this past event to be all that was required maintain salvation. We see in their writings the tension between the “already” and “not yet” of salvation, though their emphasis is very much upon the latter.14 1 Clement affirms with Paul that is through the will of God and by faith that believers in Christ (including Old Testament saints) have been glorified and justified (32:3-4). Yet “Barnabas,” who is “hoping to be saved” (Barn. 1:3), warns against withdrawal from the community “as though you were already justified” (Barn. 4:10). While every grace was available to the repentant believer, the unrepentant member could only look forward to “punishment and torment” (1 Clem. 11:1-2).15 For the earliest church fathers, the post-baptismal life was a great race of faith, a contest (1 Clem. 7:1, 36:1), where one must stay on track and faithfully persevere in all holiness to the end to reach the grace of 12 Jim Forest, Confession: A Doorway to Forgiveness (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2002), 22. 13 Barn. 16:8-9; cf. 1 Clem. 2:2; Ign. Smyrn. 4:2, 11:3; Magn. 12:1; Pol. 1:2; Did. 10:2. Kelly, 194, notes the Pauline conception of baptism as “the application of Christ’s atoning death to the believer” had faded; instead, the remission of sins, rebirth, and the indwelling of the Spirit are emphasized in baptism. 14 Paget, “The Epistle of Barnabas,” 445; Michael Holmes, “Polycarp of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians,” Expository Times 118:2 (Nov, 2006): 58. 15 They also could, through “doublemindedness” and a hardened, impure heart, “oppress the Holy Spirit that lives in you,” causing him to “intercede with God against you and leave you” (Herm. Mand. 10.2.5). Holmes, “Polycarp of Smyrna,” 59, notes that such sinful believers deny by their deeds what the heretics deny by their words; their present behavior raises questions about their future fate. resurrection.16 One’s choices now continued to have consequences of spiritual life or death—now even more because of the commitment given and cleansing and knowledge received via baptism.17 As the Didache warns, “All the time you have believed will be of no use to you if you are not found perfect in the last time” (Did. 16:2). Sin’s Danger to the Community Along with the understanding of indwelling empowerment of God at baptism and the tenuous nature of salvation for the unrepentant believer is the earliest church’s unique perspective of the communal danger of unrepented sin. Sin left untreated would become an infection that could destroy the whole community, endangering the salvation of all.18 Clement warns, “Take care, dear friends, lest his many benefits turn into a judgment upon all of us, as will happen if we fail to live worthily of him” (1 Clem. 21:1, cf. 37:5). Ignatius repeatedly cautions against giving ear to schismatics whose teachings poison and corrupt innocent faith and cause disunity in the church, leaving it vulnerable to the judgment of God.19 All believers are exhorted to admonish and “help one another to restore those who are weak with respect to goodness, so that we may all be 16 Ign., Eph. 14:2; Pol. 1:2-3, 2:3, 3:1; Did. 16:5. 17 2 Clem 17:1-3; Ign., Eph. 11:1; Herm. Mand. 4. Holmes, “Polycarp of Smyrna,” 58: “If salvation is a divine gift and promise, it is at the same time a matter of human achievement. For whether the past divine act on our behalf will in fact become actualized in the future depends . . . a great deal on how humans respond in the present.” 18 The postapostolic church’s authoritative canon was the Old Testament, and from it they applied the theology of community purity and covenant obedience to themselves as the new people of God [John Anthony McGuckin, “Sin,” The Westminster Handbook to Patristic Theology (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2004), 310]. Even though it is founded on “better promises” (Heb 8:6), rampant faithlessness and moral impurity could damn it just as Israel’s failures had excluded it from the promises of God (1 Clem 41:4). 19 Ign. Eph. 7:1, 16:1-2, 17:1; Trall. 11:1; Phld. 3:2; Smyrn. 4:1; cf. 1 Clem. 14:1-3. Though not explicitly addressed, schism and moral failure also left the post-apostolic church vulnerable to the external persecution that always threatened it, as it gave credence to otherwise false charges. saved” (2 Clem. 17:1-3). 20 2 Clement also includes the enigmatic statement that those who follow his advice “will not regret it, but will save both himself and me as his advisor” (15:2). This theology of the communal impact of sin is founded upon the understanding—deeply rooted in the apostolic church—of the church as the new covenantal community, the holy people of God, with each heart a dedicated Temple in which the Holy Spirit dwells.21 The requirements for holiness in the Mosaic covenant remain obligatory,22 and any “sin in the camp” endangers the entire community, as it pollutes the purity of the people of God.23 The bar is set even higher for Christians: “Those, therefore, who do anything contrary to the duty imposed by his will receive death as the penalty. You see, brothers, as we have been considered worthy of greater knowledge, so much the more we are exposed to danger” (1 Clem. 41:3-4). Church Discipline in the Apostolic Fathers It is in light of their understanding of the empowerment of the Holy Spirit indwelling every believer, the unfinished nature of salvation with the very real possibility of damnation for the unrepentant, and the danger unrepented sin posed to the faith community, that the post-apostolic church’s approach to discipline becomes coherent. Yet, we are left “completely in the dark” 20 Dallen, The Reconciling Community, 20: “The whole community is concerned for division and sin affect the salvation or health of the whole body. We see in Clement’s letter, as in other early writings, a strong sense of internal cohesion, a vivid realization of the social character of sin and forgiveness, and the responsibility of mutual correction and acceptance.” Polycarp understood the threat of Valen’s avarice to be a “major threat both to the Philippian community’s stability (in that it blurred the boundary between insiders and outsiders) and its theological self-understanding (in that it led to questions or uncertainty about the meaning of righteousness)” (Holmes, “Polycarp of Smyrna,” 57). 21 1 Clem. 29:1, 30:1; Ign., Eph. 9:1, Tral. 8:1-2; Phld. 7:2; Did. 14:1-2; Barn. 4:11, 6:15, 16:9. Kelly, 190: “The Church is regarded as the new, authentic Israel which has inherited the promises when God made to the old.” It is holy as it is “God’s chosen people and is indwelt by His Spirit.” 22 Did. 6:2: “For if you are able to bear the whole yoke of the Lord, you will be perfect. But if you are not able, then do what you can.” 23 Jonathan A. Draper, “The Apostolic Fathers: The Didache,” Expository Times 117:5 (Feb, 2006): 180, notes the Didache’s concern for ritual purity in the practice of baptism and the Eucharist. regarding specific policies of church discipline.24 But from what little evidence we have, the Apostolic Fathers appear to follow the principles advocated by their founders, the writers of the New Testament, of increasing levels of correction climaxing in exclusion from the community. Rebuke and Intercession In the post-apostolic age, bishops, elders, and deacons were to care for their flocks by rebuking and correcting wayward believers.25 Clement of Rome begged the schismatics in his church to “submit to the presbyters and accept discipline leading to repentance, bending the knees of your heart” (1 Clem. 57:1). The nature of this discipline is unknown, but Clement writes that he sent men to be “witnesses” between him and the schismatics, possibly as the final opportunity to repent before being excluded (cf. Matt 18:15-17). Polycarp lists the responsibilities of presbyters as “turning back those who have gone astray . . . [being] not quick to believe things spoken against anyone, nor harsh in judgment, knowing that we are all in debt with respect to sin” (Phil. 6:1-2). Ignatius urges Polycarp, as bishop of the Smyrnaean church, to “exhort all people,” individually if possible, and use a variety of “treatments”, “with gentleness bring[ing] the more troublesome ones into submission (Pol. 1:2-3; 2:1; cf. 2 Clem. 17:3).26 Intriguingly, he encourages Polycarp to request divine revelation of “unseen things” for gentle yet penetrating confrontation (Pol. 2:2-3). While correction was one of the primary purposes of church leadership, at this time this responsibility still very much belonged to all members. “The reproof which we give one to another is good and exceedingly useful, for it unites us with the will of God” (1 Clem. 56:2). The Didache 24 Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, 199. 25 NT scriptures that advocate rebuke: for all believers: Luke 17:3; for leadership: 2 Tim 4:2; Tit 1:13, 2:15. 26 Irenaeus later writes that Polycarp composed a number of such letters “which he sent either to the neighboring churches, strengthening them, or to some of the brethren, exhorting and warning them” (Irenaeus, Letter to Florinus [in Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. 5.20.8], quoted in Holmes, “Polycarp of Smyrna,” 54. urges its readers to correct each other impartially and “not in anger but in peace,” maintaining the spirit of love and grace (4:3; 15:3).27 As each member possesses the Holy Spirit of God, each believer is called to help weaker believers, admonishing them to turn from sin to the principles of the faith (2 Clem. 17:2). And all members of the church are beseeched to pray for fellow believers caught in the snare of sin or false doctrine, interceding “with tears” for God’s mercy to intervene and provide the change of heart that is otherwise humanly impossible to achieve despite the best of correction.28 For only God can truly “turn back those of [his] people who wander” (1 Clem. 59:4). Confession Confession—first of all to God and secondly to the church body—meant that one acknowledged one’s sin and was repenting of it.29 This was the most important outward sign of repentance in the post-apostolic church, for the sinner, “instead of remaining obdurate in his own perverted will, humbly acknowledges his guilt and professes his readiness to do penance.”30 In contrast to later church practice, 1 Clement lays no further stipulation for repentance than the sinner’s confession: The Master “requires nothing of anyone, except that he make a confession to him” (1 Clem. 52:2; cf. 51:3; 2 Clem. 9:7).31 2 Clement warns to make haste to repent “with our 27 1 Clem. 14:3 emphasizes kindness when rebuking. 28 1 Clem. 2:3-4, 6; 48:1, 56:1-2; 59:1-2; Ign. Smyrn. 4:1; Herm. Simil. 5.1.5. NT scriptures that encourage church intercession for sinners are Luke 11:4; Acts 8:24; Jas 5:14-16; and 1 John 5:16, though the last verse also cryptically mentions a “sin that leads to death” that renders intercession useless—likely apostasy (1 John 2:19,22,26). 29 NT scriptures that encourage ecclesiastical confession of sin are Jas 5:13-20 and 1 John 1:9. 30 Poschmann, Penance and the Anointing of the Sick, 22. 31 Poschmann, 22, observes that “confession” in 1 Clement usually indicates praise to God: the repentant believer in his or her affirmation of God’s truth marked a recommitment to that truth. Dallen, The Reconciling Community, 20, believes the synagogue-like prayer of Clement in chs. 59-61 is an example of such a confession— primarily praise of God interspersed with acknowledgment of wrongdoing and petition for forgiveness. whole heart,” as there can be no confession after death (8:3).32 In the Didache, individual, public confession of sin prior to ecclesiastical prayer and partaking of the Eucharist on the Lord’s day is advised, specifically in the case of interpersonal conflict, “so that your sacrifice may be pure” and not defiled (Did. 14:1-2).33 Hermas repeatedly confesses his sins in private prayer to the Lord, though he was rebuked in his visions for not asking also for righteousness (Vis. 1.1.3; 3.1.5-6).The Christian church at this time took great care to emphasize inner heart transformation as well as submission to outward signs of repentance: “submit to the presbyters and accept discipline leading to repentance, bending the knees of your heart” (1 Clem .57:1).34 Fasting and Almsgiving The post-apostolic church (particularly in Egypt) tended to continue to follow traditional Jewish practices for atonement for sin even while professing the atoning power of the blood of Christ.35 This is the only part of their approach to the treatment of sin that differs significantly from the New Testament writers. Foremost were fasting and almsgiving, as in 2 Clement: Charitable giving, therefore, is good, as is repentance from sin. Fasting is better than prayer, while charitable giving is better than both, and ‘love covers a multitude of sins,’ 32 2 Clement also has a moralistic definition of confession: “And how do we confess him? In doing what he says and not disobeying his commandments. . . . So then, brethren, let us confess him in works” (3:3-4; 4:3). 33 Cf. 4:14, especially Barn. 19:12 and Matt 5:23-24. Dallen, 21, (and Poschmann, 23-24) believes this was a communal confession, “perhaps a prayer like those of the synagogue and that of 1 Clement 60:1-4, admitting sinfulness and asking God’s forgiveness and grace.” Ferguson, however (and I believe rightly) states that this confession was individual confession of sins before the church, as “your” in 4:14 is singular [Everett Ferguson, “Early Church Penance,” Restoration Quarterly 36:2 (1994): 91]. Draper, “The Apostolic Fathers: The Didache,” 179-180, notes this book’s Jewish (perhaps covenantal) concern with ritual purity in baptism and the Eucharist. 34 Cf. 2 Clem. 9:7, 17:1. Ferguson, “Early Church Penance,” 90, has a list of fourteen occurrences in the Apostolic Fathers of the phrases “to repent with the whole heart/soul” and “true repentance”: “These expressions indicate that in true repentance the sinner detests sin more because it offends God than because it hurts the self.” 35 See Tobit 4:10-11, 12:9 and Sirach 3:14-15, 34:31, 35:1-5—books that would have been included in the early Christian canon.