Studies in Space Policy Editor Annette Froehlich Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development Studies in Space Policy Volume 17 Edited by The European Space Policy Institute Director: Jean-Jacques Tortora Editorial Advisory Board Genevieve Fioraso Gerd Gruppe Pavel Kabat Sergio Marchisio Dominique Tilmans Ene Ergma Ingolf Schädler Gilles Maquet Jaime Silva Per Tegnér More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8167 Annette Froehlich Editor Post 2030-Agenda and the Role of Space The UN 2030 Goals and Their Further Evolution Beyond 2030 for Sustainable Development 123 Editor Annette Froehlich European Space Policy Institute Vienna Austria ISSN 1868-5307 ISSN 1868-5315 (electronic) Studies in SpacePolicy ISBN978-3-319-78953-8 ISBN978-3-319-78954-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78954-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018937349 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) officially “Transforming our world: the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment”isasetof17“GlobalGoals”with 169 associated targets which the state community adopted on 25 September 2015. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. These 17 Sustainable Development Goals seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what these did not achieve. The commitment was taken to achievethisAgendaandutilizeittothefulltotransformourworldforthebetterby 2030.Butwhatcomesafter2030?Whatmaybethegoalstoachievebeyond2030 by governments, the private sector, civil society and individuals for a sustainable future? And how can space contribute to it? On theoccasion oftheUNISPACE+50 Conference,theEuropeanSpacePolicy Institute (ESPI), the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC) invited students and young professionals worldwide to submit a paper on the “Post-2030 Agenda and the Role of Space” providing them anopportunitytocontributetotheongoingreflectionsongoalsandtargetsbeyond 2030. The publication provides a deep insight to which extent further improvement should be envisaged to ensure and improve the sustainable development beyond 2030. As the world, its environment, economy and society are getting more and more technically advanced, it is of high interest to analyse how space and its various applications can support this development. Once the goals of the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” will be achieved, new challenges are awaiting. The analysis takes first of all into account a proactive use of artificial intelligence(AI)forthedevelopmentbasedonspaceinfrastructure.Therefore,itis proposed to reconsider the process which led to the elaboration of the Sustainable Development Goals which was created on a problem-solving approach. However, universalgoalsmayrequireadifferentsuchasanopportunity-seekingapproach.In v vi Preface addition, AI technology should be used to enable humans to enjoy a more equal prosperous and sustainable life on Earth.1 Another important aspect turns around the economic development which asks forfurtheranalysisofthecryptocurrenciesrelationshipwithspaceapplicationsand how to use space-based cryptocurrencies for development. Indeed, the high cost associated with remittance transactions limits the development especially in developing and evolving countries. In consequence, the increased use of space-based cryptocurrencies would lead to lower remittance costs and contribute hence directly to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.2 Environment-wise the challenges for a sustainable development not only on Earth,butalsoinouterspace,arequestionedensuringasustainableexplorationand exploitation of space and its orbital resources. Hence, a high topic of the global agenda is and will still be the access to fresh drinking water. Satellite data can provideusefulandreliabledatatoincreasewateruseandfosterwaterawarenessin order to meet the requirements of the Brundtland Report which requires that a sustainable development “meets the needs of current generations without com- promising the ability offuture generations to meet their own needs”.3 The sustainable development should also take into account an extraterrestrial sustainable development as humans will have moved far beyond low Earth orbit. The current SDGs are purely focused on the management of social and economic development aspects on Earth. Its targets are related to situations on Earth; there- fore, comparable sustainable development programmes for the exploration and exploitationofextraterrestrialorbitswillbeneeded.4Moreover,rulesshouldbeset up to ensure a sustainable development of orbital resources. The preservation of major globalresources,theEarthorbits,wasoverlookedatthetime ofthedrafting of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Nevertheless, importantorbitsmaybefilledupquitequicklybysatellitesandspacedebris.Thisis why an “International Clean Up Station” is proposed.5 Moreover,ithastobeanalysedhowspaceanditsapplicationscanbeofusefor a possible contribution of the post-2030 space industry to global economic devel- opment.Therefore,thepossibilityofthemodernglobalspaceindustryservingasa techno-economic driver in the establishment of an advanced global economy with 1Rf. Takuya Wakimoto, “Proactive Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Development: Space SatellitesasaKeyInfrastructure”,p.1. 2 Rf. David Lindgren, “Global Remittances and Space-Based Cryptocurrencies: A TransformationalOpportunityforthePost-2030Agenda”,p.11. 3Rf.ChrisKotze,“TowardsTotalWaterAwareness:ATechnologyFramework”,p.27. 4Rf.SamuelAnih,“EarthandExtra-TerrestrialSustainableDevelopment:TheChallengesofPost- 2030EarthandSpaceRegime”,p.47. 5Rf. J. Claire Wilhelm, “The Keys to Rule Them All: Sustainable Development of Orbital Resources”,p.59. Preface vii systems in space feeding into the planet’s sustainable development and manage- ment should be analysed furthermore.6 Inaddition,space hasto betaken into account as engine for prosperity. Indeed, thespaceindustryhasdemonstrateditscompetencetoserveasahigh-growthsector which remained strategic for many countries despite economic crisis in order to promoteasustainableeconomicincreaseandprovidedecentwork.Thisapproachis underlined by a study on the European and Italian market; its arguments may be extended to other countries.7 Finally,itisofutmostimportancetoenlargethescopeofapplicationofsatellite datainadministrationandjusticetoensureadevelopmentofeffective,accountable and transparent institutions at all levels to promote growth, stability, security and peace on global level.8 In conclusion, a case study on the European Space Exploration Programme is added to underline the evolution of innovative mecha- nisms to support the Post-2030 Agenda Goals.9 Vienna, Austria Dr. Annette Froehlich February 2018 European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) Seconded by German Aerospace Center (DLR) 6Rf. Anton Alberts, “The Probable Contribution of the Post-2030 Space Industry to Global EconomicDevelopment”,p.71. 7Rf.RosaMariaLuciaParrella,“SpaceasEngineforGrowth,AEuropeanandItalianAnalysis”, p.83. 8Rf. Anne-Sophie Martin, “Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanisms of International Courts”,p.97. 9Rf. Clelia Iacomino, “Evolution of Innovation Mechanisms to Support the Post-2030 Agenda Goals:CaseStudyontheEuropeanSpaceExplorationProgramme”,p.107. Contents Proactive Use of Artificial Intelligence for the Development: Space Satellites as a Key Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Takuya Wakimoto Global Remittances and Space-Based Cryptocurrencies: A Transformational Opportunity for the Post-2030 Agenda . . . . . . . . . 11 David Lindgren Towards Total Water Awareness: A Technology Framework . . . . . . . . 27 Christoffel Kotze Earth and Extra-Terrestrial Sustainable Development: The Challenges of Post-2030 Earth and Space Regime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Samuel Anih The Keys to Rule Them All: Sustainable Development of Orbital Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 J. Claire Wilhelm The Probable Contribution of the Post-2030 Space Industry to Global Economic Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Anton de Waal Alberts Space as Engine for Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Rosa Maria Lucia Parrella Satellite Data as Evidences Before the Mechanisms of International Courts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Anne-Sophie Martin Evolution of Innovation Mechanisms to Support the Post-2030 Agenda Goals: Case Study on the European Space Exploration Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Clelia Iacomino ix About the Authors Anton Alberts is admittedas an advocateof theHighCourt of South Africa spe- cializinginthelegalfieldsofmedialaw,ICTandspacelaw.Heiscurrentlyamember of Parliament in South Africa and serves as a full member on the Parliamentary PortfolioCommitteeonTradeandIndustry.Healsoregularlyactsaslegalcounselto foreignICTfirmsinvestinginSouthAfrica.HeisactingasHeadofLegalAffairsfor M-Net (Africa’s largest pay-TV operator). He received his legal education at the University of Johannesburg and an M.Phil degree in Future Studies from the UniversityofStellenbosch.Heisaprolificresearcherandhaspublishedseverallegal works,mostnotablyinEntertainment,Internet,TelecommunicationandCyberLaw. [email protected]. SamuelAnih grewupinWesternNigeriawherehedevelopedaprofoundinterest in space exploration during his high school days and later founded SpaceRovers which acted as a melting point for fellow space enthusiasts as an undergrad at Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. He received an MSc from the International Space University (ISU), Illkirch-Graffenstaden (Strasbourg), France and later a graduate fellowship at NASA Ames, Moffett Field, California. He has more than 10 years of working experience as a scientific officer at the African Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in English (ARCSSTE-E),aUnitedNations-affiliatedcentre.HeiscurrentlyenrolledasaPhD student at the University of Cape Town. [email protected]. Clelia Iacomino is working as a resident fellow at the European Space Policy Institute (ESPI) in Vienna, Austria, since May 2017 under a fellowship from the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Italian Society for International Organization (SIOI). Previously, she worked as Analyst at Thales Alenia Space in the Strategic Business Intelligence Department in Rome. She holds a MA in International Relations from La Sapienza University and a Master of advanced studies in Space Policy at SIOI-ASI-CNR, in Rome. [email protected]. xi