POSITIVE DIPLOMACY Also by Peter Marshal! ARE DIPLOMATS REALLY NECESSARY? (editor) DIPLOMACY BEYOND 2000 (editor) THE DYNAMICS OF DIPLOMACY THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION - A CHALLENGE FOR DIPLOMACY (editor) Positive Diplomacy Peter Marshall Foreword by 1. E. Spence rave macmiUan * © Sir Peter Marshall 1997 Foreword © J. E. Spence 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1997 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court wn Road, London 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of 5t. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. Outside North America ISBN 978-1-349-25730-0 ISBN 978-1-349-25728-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-25728-7 In North America ISBN 978-0-312-17667-9 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-14651 Transferred to digital printing 2002 In Memoriam PRM 1927-1981 "Just tell the press the Ambassador feels it would be inappropriate to comment until he's had time to study the complete text." Drawing by Lorenz; © 1979 The New Yorker Magazine, Inc. Contents Foreword by J. E. Spence xii Preface xiv Introduction: Action as the End Object of Diplomacy 1 Policy Capability 2 A Framework for Building Policy Capability 4 Structure of the Book 5 Concluding Comment 6 1 Diplomacy: A Child of Changing Times 7 Diplomacy, a Child of its Time: 'Old' Diplomacy and 'New' Diplomacy 8 A Series of 'Invasions' of the Political Foreground lO (a) The 'Economic' Invasion 12 (b) The 'Public Concern and Involvement' Invasion 13 (c) The 'Self-determination and Decolonisation' Invasion 14 (d) The 'Human Rights' Invasion 15 (e) The 'Social' Invasion 15 (f) The 'New Issues' Invasion, especially Environmental Protection 16 (g) The 'Information Technology' Invasion 17 (h) The 'Multiplicity of Actors' Invasion 18 The Implications of the Transition from 'Old' to 'New' Diplomacy 18 2 The Nature of International Society Today 21 'Intergovernmental' and 'International' 22 External and Internal Affairs 23 The Age of the Common Man and the Common Woman 24 (a) The Focus of Policy 26 (b) Human Rights 27 vii viii Contents (c) Democratic Institutions 28 (d) Participation in Foreign Policy-making 28 (e) The Standard of Living and Human Development 29 (f) Fundamentalism and the Capacity to Absorb Change 31 The Pressure on Governments in Satisfying their Electorates 32 A New World Order/Disorder? 33 'Liberal Democracies do not Fight One Another' 35 3 National Sovereignty and its Limits 37 Sovereignty at Home 37 Sovereignty in Relation to Other Sovereigns 41 Sovereignty in the International System 44 A New World Ethos? 47 Sovereignty and its Limits 49 4 The United Nations 51 The Essence of the United Nations 53 Six Principles Underlying the United Nations 54 The 'Escape Clauses' in the Charter 57 The First Fifty Years: An Evaluation 58 Keeping the Peace in Changing Conditions 61 A New Deal? Preventive Diplomacy, Peace-making, Peace-keeping and Peace-building 62 The General Assembly 50th Anniversary Declaration 63 Golden Jubilee Reform 65 The Ultimate Responsibility 67 5 The World Economy 69 'Primary' and 'Secondary' Globalisation 70 Institutional Transformation: Managing the World Economy 72 The Achievements of the Uruguay Round and the Tasks of the World Trade Organisation 73 The International Context of the Birth of the WTO 75 (a) The Economic Dimension 76 (b) The Social Dimension 78 (c) The Migration Dimension 79 Contents ix (d) The Developing Country Dimension 80 (e) The Environmental Dimension 84 (t) The Security Dimension 84 Ensuring Effective International Co-operation: A Restatement 85 Global Governance 87 6 European Architecture 90 The Changing Nature of Euro-centricity 90 Rebuilding Europe after Two World Wars 92 (a) European Identity: The Council of Europe 93 (b) European Recovery: The Marshall Plan and OEEC 95 (c) The Search for Security: NATO and WEU 96 (d) European Integration: The EC and the EU 97 (e) The Treaty of Maastricht 100 (t) Enlargement: The European Economic Area 102 (g) Knitting Europe Together after the Cold War 105 The European Union and the World 108 Unfinished Business 109 Appendix: The Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina 111 The Peace Agreement 112 The Peace Agreement and European Architecture 113 The Peace Agreement and the World Economy 115 The Peace Agreement and the United Nations 116 From Sarajevo to Sarajevo? 117 7 Foreign Policy-Making 119 Operational and Technical Factors in Foreign Policy- making 120 (a) Fundamentals of Foreign Policy 120 (b) The List of 'Actors' 122 (c) The Role of the Media 123 (d) Public Opinion as a Factor in the Age of the Common Man and the Common Woman 125 (e) How the Professional Diplomatic Service Fits In 126 (t) The Scope for 'Autonomous' Action 127 (g) Policy and Strategy 128