Major European Union Nations Austria Italy Belgium The Netherlands Czech Republic Poland Denmark Portugal France Spain Germany Sweden Greece United Kingdom Ireland Portugal by Kim Etingoff and Shaina C. Indovino Mason Crest Mason Crest 370 Reed Road, Broomall, Pennsylvania 19008 www.masoncrest.com Copyright © 2013 by Mason Crest, an imprint of National Highlights, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan- ical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any information storage and retrieval system, with- out permission from the publisher. Printed in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. First printing 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Etingoff, Kim. Portugal / by Kim Etingoff and Shaina C. Indovino. p. cm. — (The European Union: political, social, and economic cooperation) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4222-2255-3 (hardcover) — ISBN 978-1-4222-2231-7 (series hardcover) — ISBN 978- 1-4222-9273-0 (ebook) I. Indovino, Shaina Carmel. II. Title. DP517.E842 2012 946.9—dc22 2010051466 Produced by Harding House Publishing Services, Inc. www.hardinghousepages.com Interior layout by Micaela Sanna. Cover design by Torque Advertising + Design. Contents Introduction 8 1. Portugal’s Modern Issues 11 2. Portugal’s History and Government 19 3. The Economy 33 4. Portugal’s People and Culture 39 5. Portugal’s Future 47 Time Line 56 Find Out More 57 Glossary 59 Index 62 Picture Credits 63 About the Authors and the Consultant 64 Portugal European Union Member since 1986 Introduction Sixty years ago, Europe lay scarred from the battles of the Second World War. During the next several years, a plan began to take shape that would unite the countries of the European continent so that future wars would be inconceivable. On May 9, 1950, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman issued a dec- laration calling on France, Germany, and other European countries to pool together their coal and steel production as “the first concrete foundation of a European federation.” “Europe Day” is celebrated each year on May 9 to commemorate the beginning of the European Union (EU). The EU consists of twenty-seven countries, spanning the continent from Ireland in the west to the bor- der of Russia in the east. Eight of the ten most recently admitted EU member states are former commu- nist regimes that were behind the Iron Curtain for most of the latter half of the twentieth century. Any European country with a democratic government, a functioning market economy, respect for fun- damental rights, and a government capable of implementing EU laws and policies may apply for mem- bership. Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU in 2007. Croatia, Serbia, Turkey, Iceland, Montenegro, and Macedonia have also embarked on the road to EU membership. While the EU began as an idea to ensure peace in Europe through interconnected economies, it has evolved into so much more today: • Citizens can travel freely throughout most of the EU without carrying a passport and without stop- ping for border checks. • EU citizens can live, work, study, and retire in another EU country if they wish. • The euro, the single currency accepted throughout seventeen of the EU countries (with more to come), is one of the EU’s most tangible achievements, facilitating commerce and making possible a single financial market that benefits both individuals and businesses. • The EU ensures cooperation in the fight against cross-border crime and terrorism. • The EU is spearheading world efforts to preserve the environment. • As the world’s largest trading bloc, the EU uses its influence to promote fair rules for world trade, ensuring that globalization also benefits the poorest countries. • The EU is already the world’s largest donor of humanitarian aid and development assistance, provid- ing around 60 percent of global official development assistance to developing countries in 2011.